Thirteen cancers associated with HIV infection in a Black South African cancer patient population (1995-2016).

South Africa's HIV epidemic has evolved over time in terms of numbers of people living with HIV, access to antiretroviral treatment (ART) and age. These changes have profoundly influenced local cancer patterns. The Johannesburg Cancer Study has, over a period of 22 years (1995-2016), recruited over 20 000 incident black cancer patients who consented to provide answers to a questionnaire and blood samples (serum, DNA). This has presented a unique opportunity to examine the evolving association of HIV with cancer in Africa. We used logistic regression models to explore case-control associations between specific cancers and HIV, using participants with non-infection related cancers as controls. Using data of 20 835 cancer patients with confirmed HIV status, we found the following cancers to be associated with HIV: Kaposi's sarcoma (OR ; 95%CI): (99.1;72.6-135.1), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (11.3;9.3-13.6), cervical cancer (2.7;2.4-3.0), Hodgkin lymphoma (3.1;2.4-4.2), cancer of the eye/conjunctiva (18.7;10.1-34.7), anogenital cancers (anus [2.1;1.4-3.2], penis [5.4;2.7-10.5], vulva [4.8;3.5-6.4], vagina [5.5;3.0-10.2]), oropharyngeal cancer (1.6;1.3-1.9), squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (3.5;2.4-4.9), melanoma (2.0;1.2-3.5) and cancer of the larynx (1.7;1.3-2.4). Kaposi's sarcoma odds ratios increased from the pre-ART (1995-2004) to the early ART (2005-2009) period but declined in the late ART (2010-2016) period. Odds ratios for cancers of the eye/conjunctiva, cervix, penis and vulva continued to increase in recent ART periods. Our study confirms the spectrum of HIV-associated cancers found in other African settings. The odds ratios of conjunctival and HPV-related cancers continue to rise in the ART era as the HIV positive population ages.