I. U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 5, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
I. U. CINQUIMA, Analytical Chemistry Group (TESEA), Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 5, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
Food Res Int. 2022 Oct;160:111698. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111698. Epub 2022 Jul 20.
In the last years, an increase has been observed in the adulteration of bee pollen. Consequently, different tools are required to authenticate the origin of this product, such as a study of the profile and composition of a specific family of compounds. The present study investigates the potential of betaines and related compounds as markers of the apiary of origin and harvest period of 71 bee pollen samples. These were collected from four apiaries (Pistacho, Tío Natalio, Monte and Fuentelahiguera), located in the same geographical area (Guadalajara, Spain) and sampled during three consecutive harvest periods in the same year (April-May, June, July-August). They were analyzed by means of a previously developed methodology, which involved solvent extraction, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and a statistical analysis of the data (canonical discriminant analysis). Variable amounts of betaines and related compounds were found in the samples, with four of these being identified in all of them (betonicine, betaine, trigonelline and choline); betonicine was the predominant compound in a concentration range of 264 to 52384 mg/kg. It was possible to statistically assign over 50 % of the samples to the corresponding apiary of origin, the best results being obtained for the Tío Natalio apiary (75 %); this classification was even better in the case of the harvest period, as more than 75 % of the samples were correctly assigned, and in two periods (April-May and June) a 90 % rate was obtained.
在过去的几年中，蜂花粉的掺假现象有所增加。因此，需要使用不同的工具来验证该产品的原产地，例如研究特定化合物家族的特征和组成。本研究调查了甜菜碱和相关化合物作为 71 个蜂花粉样本的起源地和收获期标记的潜力。这些样本是从四个养蜂场（Pistacho、Tío Natalio、Monte 和 Fuentelahiguera）收集的，位于同一地理区域（西班牙瓜达拉哈拉），并在同一年的三个连续收获期进行了采样（四月至五月、六月、七月至八月）。他们通过一种先前开发的方法进行了分析，该方法涉及溶剂提取、亲水相互作用液相色谱与质谱联用，以及对数据进行统计分析（典型判别分析）。在样品中发现了数量不等的甜菜碱和相关化合物，其中有四种在所有样品中都有发现（贝托尼辛、甜菜碱、三羟甲基氨基甲烷和胆碱）；贝托尼辛是浓度范围为 264 至 52384 毫克/千克的主要化合物。有可能将超过 50%的样本统计分配到相应的养蜂场，其中以 Tío Natalio 养蜂场的结果最佳（75%）；对于收获期，分类结果甚至更好，超过 75%的样本被正确分配，在两个时期（四月至五月和六月），分配准确率达到 90%。
