Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Aug 27;23(17):9721. doi: 10.3390/ijms23179721.
Bone tissue is a nanocomposite consisting of an organic and inorganic matrix, in which the collagen component and the mineral phase are organized into complex and porous structures. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the most used ceramic biomaterial since it mimics the mineral composition of the bone in vertebrates. However, this biomimetic material has poor mechanical properties, such as low tensile and compressive strength, which make it not suitable for bone tissue engineering (BTE). For this reason, HA is often used in combination with different polymers and crosslinkers in the form of composites to improve their mechanical properties and the overall performance of the implantable biomaterials developed for orthopedic applications. This review summarizes recent advances in HA-based biocomposites for bone regeneration, addressing the most widely employed inorganic matrices, the natural and synthetic polymers used as reinforcing components, and the crosslinkers added to improve the mechanical properties of the scaffolds. Besides presenting the main physical and chemical methods in tissue engineering applications, this survey shows that HA biocomposites are generally biocompatible, as per most in vitro and in vivo studies involving animal models and that the results of clinical studies on humans sometimes remain controversial. We believe this review will be helpful as introductory information for scientists studying HA materials in the biomedical field.
骨组织是一种由有机和无机基质组成的纳米复合材料，其中胶原成分和矿物质相组织成复杂多孔的结构。羟基磷灰石（HA）是最常用的陶瓷生物材料，因为它模拟了脊椎动物骨骼的矿物质组成。然而，这种仿生材料的机械性能较差，如拉伸和压缩强度低，这使得它不适合骨组织工程（BTE）。出于这个原因，HA 通常与不同的聚合物和交联剂结合形成复合材料，以提高其机械性能和为骨科应用开发的可植入生物材料的整体性能。这篇综述总结了用于骨再生的基于 HA 的生物复合材料的最新进展，涉及最广泛使用的无机基质、用作增强组件的天然和合成聚合物以及用于提高支架机械性能的交联剂。除了介绍组织工程应用中的主要物理和化学方法外，本调查还表明，根据大多数涉及动物模型的体外和体内研究，HA 生物复合材料通常是生物相容的，而关于人体的临床研究结果有时仍存在争议。我们相信，这篇综述将作为生物医学领域研究 HA 材料的科学家的入门信息是有帮助的。
