Nutrition Institute, Tržaška 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Molecules. 2022 Aug 30;27(17):5577. doi: 10.3390/molecules27175577.
Tartary buckwheat ( (L.) Gaertn.) and common buckwheat ( Moench) are adapted to growing in harsh conditions of high altitudes. Ultraviolet radiation at high altitudes strongly impacts plant growth and development. Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, protecting substances are synthesized in plants. The synthesis of UV-B defense metabolites is genetically conditioned, and their quantity depends on the intensity of the ultraviolet radiation to which the plants and plant parts are exposed. These substances include flavonoids, and especially rutin. Other substances with aromatic rings of six carbon atoms have a similar function, including fagopyrin, the metabolite specific for buckwheat. Defensive substances are formed in the leaves and flowers of common and Tartary buckwheat, up to about the same concentration in both species. In comparison, the concentration of rutin in the grain of Tartary buckwheat is much higher than in common buckwheat. Flavonoids also have other functions in plants so that they can protect them from pests and diseases. After crushing the grains, rutin is exposed to contact with the molecules of rutin-degrading enzymes. In an environment with the necessary humidity, rutin is turned into bitter quercetin under the action of rutin-degrading enzymes. This bitterness has a deterrent effect against pests. Moreover, flavonoids have important functions in human nutrition to prevent several chronic diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular diseases, gallstone formation, and hypertension.
鞑靼荞麦（(L.) Gaertn.）和苦荞（Moench）适应于高海拔的恶劣条件下生长。高海拔地区的紫外线辐射对植物的生长和发育有很大的影响。在紫外线辐射的影响下，植物会合成保护物质。UV-B 防御代谢物的合成受遗传条件的控制，其数量取决于植物和植物部分暴露于紫外线辐射的强度。这些物质包括类黄酮，特别是芦丁。其他具有六个碳原子芳香环的物质具有类似的功能，包括荞麦特有的荞麦酚。在普通荞麦和鞑靼荞麦的叶片和花朵中都会形成防御物质，在这两个物种中的浓度大致相同。相比之下，鞑靼荞麦籽粒中的芦丁浓度远高于普通荞麦。类黄酮在植物中还有其他功能，因此它们可以保护植物免受病虫害的侵害。在谷物被粉碎后，芦丁会与芦丁降解酶的分子接触。在具有必要湿度的环境中，芦丁在芦丁降解酶的作用下转化为苦味槲皮素。这种苦味对害虫有威慑作用。此外，类黄酮在人类营养中具有重要的功能，可以预防多种慢性疾病，包括肥胖、心血管疾病、胆结石形成和高血压。
