School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Prevention and New Materials, Taiyuan, China.
Front Immunol. 2022 Sep 16;13:933736. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.933736. eCollection 2022.
The therapeutic outcomes of exosome-based therapies have greatly exceeded initial expectations in many clinically intractable diseases due to the safety, low toxicity, and immunogenicity of exosomes, but the production of the exosomes is a bottleneck for wide use. To increase the yield of the exosomes, various solutions have been tried, such as hypoxia, extracellular acidic pH, etc. With a limited number of cells or exosomes, an alternative approach has been developed to improve the efficacy of exosomes through cell pretreatment recently. Melatonin is synthesized from tryptophan and secreted in the pineal gland, presenting a protective effect in pathological conditions. As a new pretreatment method, melatonin can effectively enhance the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic function of exosomes in chronic kidney disease, diabetic wound healing, and ischemia-reperfusion treatments. However, the current use of melatonin pretreatment varies widely. Here, we discuss the effects of melatonin pretreatment on the heterogeneity of exosomes based on the role of melatonin and further speculate on the possible mechanisms. Finally, the therapeutic use of exosomes and the usage of melatonin pretreatment are described.
基于外泌体的疗法在许多临床上难以治疗的疾病中的治疗效果大大超出了最初的预期，这是由于外泌体具有安全性、低毒性和免疫原性，但外泌体的生产是广泛应用的瓶颈。为了增加外泌体的产量，已经尝试了各种解决方案，如缺氧、细胞外酸性 pH 值等。由于细胞数量或外泌体数量有限，最近开发了一种替代方法，通过细胞预处理来提高外泌体的功效。褪黑素是由色氨酸合成并在松果体中分泌的，在病理条件下呈现出保护作用。作为一种新的预处理方法，褪黑素可以有效地增强外泌体在慢性肾脏病、糖尿病伤口愈合和缺血再灌注治疗中的抗氧化、抗炎和抗凋亡功能。然而，褪黑素预处理的当前使用差异很大。在这里，我们根据褪黑素的作用讨论了褪黑素预处理对外泌体异质性的影响，并进一步推测了可能的机制。最后，描述了外泌体的治疗用途和褪黑素预处理的使用。
