German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Biological Safety, Junior Research Group Supply Chain Models, Berlin, Germany.
German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Exposure, Unit of Epidemiology, Statistics and Exposure Modelling, Berlin, Germany.
PLoS One. 2022 Oct 14;17(10):e0276018. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276018. eCollection 2022.
The consumption of raw milk from dairy cows has caused multiple food-borne outbreaks of campylobacteriosis in the European Union (EU) since 2011. Cross-contamination of raw milk through faeces is an important vehicle for transmission of Campylobacter to consumers. This systematic review and meta-analysis, aimed to summarize data on the prevalence and concentration of Campylobacter in faeces of dairy cows. Suitable scientific articles published up to July 2021 were identified through a systematic literature search and subjected to screening and quality assessment. Fifty-three out of 1338 identified studies were eligible for data extraction and 44 were further eligible for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence was calculated in two different meta-analytic models: a simple model based on one average prevalence estimate per study and a multilevel meta-analytic model that included all prevalence outcomes reported in each study (including different subgroups of e.g. health status and age of dairy cows). The results of the two models were significantly different with a pooled prevalence estimate of 29%, 95% CI [23-36%] and 51%, 95% CI [44-57%], respectively. The effect of sub-groups on prevalence were analyzed with a multilevel mixed-effect model which showed a significant effect of the faecal collection methods and Campylobacter species on the prevalence. A meta-analysis on concentration data could not be performed due to the limited availability of data. This systematic review highlights important data gaps and limitations in current studies and variation of prevalence outcomes between available studies. The included studies used a variety of methods for sampling, data collection and analysis of Campylobacter that added uncertainty to the pooled prevalence estimates. Nevertheless, the performed meta-analysis improved our understanding of Campylobacter prevalence in faeces of dairy cows and is considered a valuable basis for the further development of quantitative microbiological risk assessment models for Campylobacter in (raw) milk and food products thereof.
自 2011 年以来，欧盟（EU）已发生多起因食用生牛乳引起的弯曲杆菌病食源性暴发事件。生牛乳通过粪便发生交叉污染是弯曲杆菌传染给消费者的重要途径。本系统评价和荟萃分析旨在总结奶牛粪便中弯曲杆菌的流行率和浓度数据。通过系统文献检索，确定了截至 2021 年 7 月发表的符合条件的科学文章，并对其进行了筛选和质量评估。从 1338 篇已确定的研究中，有 53 篇符合数据提取条件，另有 44 篇进一步符合荟萃分析条件。采用两种不同的荟萃分析模型计算了合并流行率：一种是基于每个研究的一个平均流行率估计值的简单模型，另一种是包括每个研究报告的所有流行率结果（包括不同亚组，例如奶牛的健康状况和年龄）的多水平荟萃分析模型。这两个模型的结果有显著差异，合并流行率估计值分别为 29%，95%CI[23-36%]和 51%，95%CI[44-57%]。采用多水平混合效应模型分析亚组对流行率的影响，结果显示粪便采集方法和弯曲杆菌种对流行率有显著影响。由于数据有限，无法进行浓度数据的荟萃分析。本系统评价突出了当前研究中的重要数据差距和局限性，以及现有研究中流行率结果的差异。纳入的研究使用了各种方法进行采样、数据收集和弯曲杆菌分析，这给合并流行率估计值增加了不确定性。尽管如此，进行的荟萃分析还是提高了我们对奶牛粪便中弯曲杆菌流行率的认识，并被认为是进一步开发弯曲杆菌（生）奶及其食品定量微生物风险评估模型的有价值基础。
