Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Dec;113(Pt A):109364. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109364. Epub 2022 Oct 22.
Poxviruses (PXVs) are mostly known for the variola virus, being the cause of smallpox; however, re-emerging PXVs have also shown a great capacity to develop outbreaks of pox-like infections in humans. The situation is alarming; PXV outbreaks have been involving both endemic and non-endemic areas in recent decades. Stopped smallpox vaccination is a reason offered mainly for this changing epidemiology that implies the protective role of immunity in the pathology of PXV infections. The immune system recognizes PXVs and elicits responses, but PXVs can antagonize these responses. Here, we briefly review the immunology of PXV infections, with emphasis on the role of pattern-recognition receptors, macrophages, and natural killer cells in the early response to PXV infections and PXVs' strategies influencing these responses, as well as taking a glance at other immune cells, which discussion over them mainly occurs in association with PXV immunization rather than PXV infection. Throughout the review, numerous evasion mechanisms are highlighted, which might have implications for designing specific immunotherapies for PXV in the future.
痘病毒（PXVs）主要以引起天花的天花病毒而闻名；然而，新兴的 PXVs 也显示出在人类中引发痘样感染爆发的巨大能力。情况令人震惊；近几十年来，PXVs 爆发已经涉及到地方性和非地方性地区。停止接种天花疫苗是造成这种变化的流行病学的主要原因之一，这意味着免疫在 PXV 感染的病理学中的保护作用。免疫系统识别 PXVs 并引发反应，但 PXVs 可以拮抗这些反应。在这里，我们简要回顾 PXV 感染的免疫学，重点介绍模式识别受体、巨噬细胞和自然杀伤细胞在 PXV 感染早期反应中的作用，以及 PXVs 影响这些反应的策略，同时也简要了解其他免疫细胞，对它们的讨论主要与 PXV 免疫接种有关，而不是 PXV 感染。在整个审查过程中，强调了许多逃避机制，这可能对未来设计针对 PXV 的特异性免疫疗法具有重要意义。
