van Arkel Jeroen, Twarogowska Anna, Cornelis Yannah, De Marez Tania, Engel Jasper, Maenhout Peter, de Vos Ric C H, Beekwilder Jules, Van Droogenbroeck Bart, Cankar Katarina
Wageningen University and Research, BU Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
ILVO, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, BE-9090 Melle, Belgium.
ACS Food Sci Technol. 2022 Oct 21;2(10):1546-1557. doi: 10.1021/acsfoodscitech.2c00182. Epub 2022 Sep 23.
Belgian endive is grown in a two-step cultivation process that involves growing of the plants in the field, cold storage of the taproots, and a second growth period in dark conditions called forcing to yield the witloof heads. In this study, the changes in the carbohydrate content and the secondary metabolite composition were studied in different tissues of Belgian endive during the cultivation process. Belgian endive heads contain between 336-388 mg/g DW of total soluble carbohydrates, predominantly fructose and glucose. The heads also contain phenolic compounds and terpenoids that give Belgian endive its characteristic bitter taste. The terpenoid and phenolic compound composition of the heads was found to be constant during the cultivation season, regardless of the root storage time. In roots, the main storage carbohydrate, inulin, was degraded during storage and forcing processes; however, more than 70% of total soluble carbohydrates remained unused after forcing. Additionally, high amounts of phenolics and terpenoids were found in the Belgian endive taproots, predominantly chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, and sesquiterpene lactones. As shown in this study, Belgian endive taproots, which are currently discarded after forcing, are rich in carbohydrates, terpenes, and phenolic compounds and therefore have the potential for further valorization. This systematic study contributes to the understanding of the carbohydrate and secondary metabolite metabolism during the cultivation process of Belgian endive.
比利时菊苣采用两步栽培法种植，包括在田间种植植株、将主根冷藏，以及在黑暗条件下进行第二个生长阶段（称为促成栽培）以收获菊苣芽球。在本研究中，对比利时菊苣栽培过程中不同组织的碳水化合物含量和次生代谢物组成的变化进行了研究。比利时菊苣芽球的总可溶性碳水化合物含量为336 - 388毫克/克干重，主要为果糖和葡萄糖。芽球还含有赋予比利时菊苣独特苦味的酚类化合物和萜类化合物。发现芽球中的萜类化合物和酚类化合物组成在栽培季节保持恒定，与根的储存时间无关。在根中，主要的储存碳水化合物菊粉在储存和促成栽培过程中被降解；然而，促成栽培后仍有超过70%的总可溶性碳水化合物未被利用。此外，在比利时菊苣主根中发现了大量的酚类化合物和萜类化合物，主要是绿原酸、异绿原酸A和倍半萜内酯。如本研究所示，目前在促成栽培后被丢弃的比利时菊苣主根富含碳水化合物、萜类化合物和酚类化合物，因此具有进一步增值的潜力。这项系统研究有助于了解比利时菊苣栽培过程中的碳水化合物和次生代谢物代谢。
