The Microbiology Group, Department of Biology, Biology Building, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.
J Membr Biol. 2023 Apr;256(2):137-145. doi: 10.1007/s00232-022-00272-8. Epub 2022 Nov 4.
Nucleus is at the center stage of cellular drama orchestrated in the life of a cell and the nucleoplasm is surrounded by a double membranous compartment constituting the Nuclear membrane/envelope (NE) that separates it from the cytoplasm in nucleated cells. The initial understanding of the NE was that of a border security entity between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, separating gene regulation and transcription in the nucleus from translation in the cytoplasm. However, the discovery of a wide array of inherited diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins that reside or interact with NE diverted the interest into deciphering the lipid-protein-rich environment of the NE. Today, the NE is considered a dynamic organelle which forms a functional linkage between the nucleus and the rest of the cell. The exposure of NE to constant mechanical constraints by its connectivity to the large polymer network of the lamina and chromatin on one side, and to the cytoskeleton on the other side results, in a variety of shape changes. We discuss two such deformation, the formation of nuclear blebs and nucleoplasmic reticulum (NER). Although the protein and the lipid composition of NE comprises a small fraction of the total lipid-protein load of the cell, the ability to define the lipid-protein composition of Inner nuclear membrane (INM) and Outer nuclear membrane (ONM) with precision is crucial for obtaining a deeper mechanistic understanding of their lipid-protein interaction and the various signaling pathways that are triggered by them. In addition, this allows us to further understand the direct and indirect roles of NE machinery in the chromosomal organization and gene regulation.
核是细胞生命中细胞戏剧的中心舞台，核质被双层膜结构的核膜/核被膜（NE）包围，将其与有核细胞的细胞质分隔开。最初，人们认为 NE 是细胞核和细胞质之间的边界安全实体，将细胞核中的基因调控和转录与细胞质中的翻译分隔开来。然而，一系列由编码驻留在或与 NE 相互作用的蛋白质的基因突变引起的遗传性疾病的发现，促使人们将兴趣转向破译富含脂质和蛋白质的 NE 环境。如今，NE 被认为是一个动态的细胞器，它在细胞核和细胞的其他部分之间形成了一个功能性的连接。NE 通过与核纤层和染色质的大聚合物网络的一侧以及细胞骨架的另一侧的连接，不断受到机械约束，导致其形状发生各种变化。我们讨论了两种这样的变形，核泡和核质网（NER）的形成。尽管 NE 的蛋白质和脂质组成仅占细胞总脂质-蛋白质负荷的一小部分，但精确定义内核膜（INM）和外核膜（ONM）的脂质-蛋白质组成对于深入了解它们的脂质-蛋白质相互作用以及由它们触发的各种信号通路至关重要。此外，这使我们能够进一步了解 NE 机制在染色体组织和基因调控中的直接和间接作用。
