Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
Research Institute, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd. C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China.
Nutrients. 2022 Oct 28;14(21):4544. doi: 10.3390/nu14214544.
There is limited evidence regarding the effects of dietary pattern and dietary quality on the risk of unhealthy weight status and related body composition in Chinese adolescence. In particular, studies using bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA) in these subjects are rare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of diet in body composition, to find a healthy dietary pattern for Chinese youth, and to promote the application of BIA among this population. A total of 498 participants aged from 18 to 22 years old were included. Dietary patterns were identified by principal components analysis. Energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (DII) and diet balance index (DBI) were calculated based on semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate linear regression and logistic regression analysis were used to examine the relationship of dietary patterns, dietary quality with body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), and the effect of dietary factors on BMI levels. The majority of participants with overweight and obesity had abdominal obesity, and there was 3.7% abdominal obesity in normal BMI individuals. Four dietary patterns were detected in the subjects. The pattern with the higher energy intake, which was close to the Western diet, was positively correlated with BMI (β = 0.326, p = 0.018) and FMI (β = 0.201, p = 0.043), while being negatively correlated with FFMI (β = −0.183, p = 0.021). Individuals who followed the pattern similar to the Mediterranean diet had a higher basal metabolic rate (BMR), and the highest fat free mass, soft lean mass, and skeletal muscle mass (p < 0.05) but the lowest FMI, visceral fat area (VFA), waist−hip ratio, and FMI/FFMI ratio (p < 0.05). Higher energy-adjusted DII was associated with high BMI. Higher bound score (HBS) (β = −0.018, p = 0.010) and diet quality distance (DQD) (β = −0.012, p = 0.015) were both negatively correlated with FFMI. In conclusion, fat or muscle indexes, such as BMR, FMI, and FFMI, had an important role in predicting overweight and obesity, which suggested the importance of applying BIA among Chinese college students. Students who followed healthful dietary patterns or the high-quality diet that is similar to the Mediterranean diet but not close to the Western diet were more likely to have a healthy BMI and normal body composition.
在中国青少年中，关于饮食模式和饮食质量对不健康体重状况和相关身体成分的影响，证据有限。特别是，在这些研究对象中使用生物电阻抗分析仪（BIA）的研究很少。本研究旨在评估饮食在身体成分中的作用，为中国青少年找到健康的饮食模式，并促进 BIA 在这一人群中的应用。共有 498 名年龄在 18 至 22 岁的参与者被纳入研究。饮食模式通过主成分分析确定。根据半定量食物频率问卷计算能量调整后的饮食炎症指数（DII）和饮食平衡指数（DBI）。多元线性回归和逻辑回归分析用于研究饮食模式和饮食质量与体重指数（BMI）、脂肪质量指数（FMI）、去脂体重指数（FFMI）的关系，以及饮食因素对 BMI 水平的影响。大多数超重和肥胖者存在腹型肥胖，而正常 BMI 个体中有 3.7%存在腹型肥胖。在研究对象中检测到四种饮食模式。摄入能量较高、接近西方饮食的模式与 BMI（β=0.326，p=0.018）和 FMI（β=0.201，p=0.043）呈正相关，而与 FFMI（β=−0.183，p=0.021）呈负相关。遵循类似于地中海饮食模式的个体具有更高的基础代谢率（BMR），并且具有最高的无脂肪质量、柔软瘦质量和骨骼肌质量（p<0.05），但 FMI、内脏脂肪面积（VFA）、腰臀比和 FMI/FFMI 比值最低（p<0.05）。较高的能量调整后的 DII 与高 BMI 相关。较高的得分（HBS）（β=−0.018，p=0.010）和饮食质量距离（DQD）（β=−0.012，p=0.015）与 FFMI 均呈负相关。总之，BMR、FMI 和 FFMI 等脂肪或肌肉指数在预测超重和肥胖方面具有重要作用，这表明在大学生中应用 BIA 的重要性。遵循健康饮食模式或类似于地中海饮食但不接近西方饮食的高质量饮食的学生更有可能拥有健康的 BMI 和正常的身体成分。
