Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.
Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.
J Adv Res. 2023 Sep;51:197-217. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.11.001. Epub 2022 Nov 9.
Even with the advancement in the areas of cancer nanotechnology, prostate cancer still poses a major threat to men's health. Nanomaterials and nanomaterial-derived theranostic systems have been explored for diagnosis, imaging, and therapy for different types of cancer still, for prostate cancer they have not delivered at full potential because of the limitations like in vivo biocompatibility, immune responses, precise targetability, and therapeutic outcome associated with the nanostructured system.
Functionalizing nanomaterials with different biomolecules and bioactive agents provides advantages like specificity towards cancerous tumors, improved circulation time, and modulation of the immune response leading to early diagnosis and targeted delivery of cargo at the site of action.
In this review, we have emphasized the classification and comparison of various nanomaterials based on biofunctionalization strategy and source of biomolecules such that it can be used for possible translation in clinical settings and future developments. This review highlighted the opportunities for embedding highly specific biological targeting moieties (antibody, aptamer, oligonucleotides, biopolymer, peptides, etc.) on nanoparticles which can improve the detection of prostate cancer-associated biomarkers at a very low limit of detection, direct visualization of prostate tumors and lastly for its therapy. Lastly, special emphasis was given to biomimetic nanomaterials which include functionalization with extracellular vesicles, exosomes and viral particles and their application for prostate cancer early detection and drug delivery. The present review paves a new pathway for next-generation biofunctionalized nanomaterials for prostate cancer theranostic application and their possibility in clinical translation.
即使在癌症纳米技术领域取得了进步，前列腺癌仍然对男性健康构成重大威胁。纳米材料和源自纳米材料的治疗系统已被探索用于不同类型癌症的诊断、成像和治疗，但对于前列腺癌，由于与纳米结构系统相关的体内生物相容性、免疫反应、精确靶向性和治疗效果等限制，它们尚未发挥全部潜力。
通过将不同的生物分子和生物活性物质功能化纳米材料，可以提供针对癌性肿瘤的特异性、改善循环时间以及调节免疫反应等优势，从而实现早期诊断和靶向递送至作用部位的载药。
在本次综述中，我们强调了基于生物功能化策略和生物分子来源对各种纳米材料进行分类和比较，以便在临床环境中可能进行转化并为未来的发展提供参考。本综述强调了在纳米颗粒上嵌入高度特异性生物靶向部分（抗体、适体、寡核苷酸、生物聚合物、肽等）的机会，这可以提高对前列腺癌相关生物标志物的检测灵敏度，实现前列腺肿瘤的直接可视化，最后还可以进行治疗。最后，特别强调了仿生纳米材料，包括对细胞外囊泡、外泌体和病毒颗粒的功能化及其在前列腺癌早期检测和药物递送中的应用。本综述为用于前列腺癌治疗的下一代生物功能化纳米材料开辟了新途径，并探讨了其在临床转化中的可能性。
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