Ramos-Souza Caroline, Bandoni Daniel Henrique, Bragotto Adriana Pavesi Arisseto, De Rosso Veridiana Vera
Nutrition and Food Service Research Center, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
School of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2023 Jan;22(1):380-407. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.13072. Epub 2022 Nov 14.
The food industry uses dyes mainly to overcome color loss during the processing and storage of products, with the azo dyes currently being the most employed. Studies on the safety of using these dyes in foods started in the 1950s and have indicated the potential for concern. This review discusses the risk assessment of food intake containing artificial azo dyes. There are case reports and, subsequently, double-blind placebo-controlled trials in some individuals who may experience adverse effects from the intake of azo dyes, but it is unclear whether these adverse effects are restricted to specific populations or more generalized. In view of this, different toxicological endpoints are evaluated to verify toxic effects in in vitro and in vivo models and to establish the no observed adverse effect level. Exposure estimation studies have shown that human exposure to azo dyes via oral intake is mainly below the acceptable daily intake established by advisory bodies. However, most countries do not have studies that estimate the oral intake of azo dyes. In this case, local food diversity and racial-ethnic specificities are not considered when stating the exposure estimate is below the acceptable daily intake for the human population and thus may not represent actual intake. Concerning the scenario established above, this review discusses the most critical gaps to be overcome to contribute to the direction of future studies and the development of more effective public policies concerning the safety of the intake of artificial azo dyes.
食品工业使用染料主要是为了克服产品加工和储存过程中的颜色损失，目前偶氮染料是使用最为广泛的。关于在食品中使用这些染料的安全性研究始于20世纪50年代，研究表明存在令人担忧的可能性。本综述讨论了含有人造偶氮染料的食品摄入的风险评估。有病例报告，随后在一些可能因摄入偶氮染料而出现不良反应的个体中进行了双盲安慰剂对照试验，但尚不清楚这些不良反应是否仅限于特定人群或更为普遍。鉴于此，评估了不同的毒理学终点，以验证体外和体内模型中的毒性作用，并确定未观察到不良反应的水平。暴露估计研究表明，人类通过口服摄入偶氮染料的量主要低于咨询机构确定的每日可接受摄入量。然而，大多数国家没有估计偶氮染料口服摄入量的研究。在这种情况下，在说明暴露估计低于人群每日可接受摄入量时，没有考虑当地食物多样性和种族特异性，因此可能无法代表实际摄入量。针对上述情况，本综述讨论了为推动未来研究方向以及制定更有效的关于人造偶氮染料摄入安全性的公共政策需要克服的最关键差距。
