Klink Urte, Mata Jutta, Frank Roland, Schüz Benjamin
Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research, Prevention and Health Promotion, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
Health Psychology, Department of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
Front Nutr. 2022 Nov 3;9:993379. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.993379. eCollection 2022.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Evidence points toward more sustainable and health-conscious dietary behaviors among individuals with higher socioeconomic status. However, these differences vary considerably depending on which indicator of socioeconomic status is examined. Here, we present a systematic parallel investigation of multiple indicators of socioeconomic status as predictors of animal food consumption frequency and selected food-related behaviors in Germany.
Data from the German subsample of two large representative European consumer studies (Study 1 = 1,954; Study 2 = 2,045) was used. We assessed the associations between the socioeconomic indicators income, current occupation as well as education and consumption frequency of animal foods and selected food-related behaviors in separate ordinal logistic regressions.
Individuals with higher educational attainment engaged in more sustainable and health-conscious dietary behaviors, indicated by significant associations between educational attainment and the consumption frequency of animal foods. Low- and middle-income participants consumed processed meat more frequently (Study 1 only; medium income: OR 1.5, CI 1.09-2.05, = 0.012; low income: OR 1.43, CI 1.01-2.05, = 0.047) and fish less frequently (Study 2 only; medium income: OR 0.76, CI 0.59-0.97, = 0.026; low income: OR 0.061, CI 0.46-0.82, < 0.001) than participants with high income. Current occupation did not predict the consumption of animal foods or food-related behaviors. Intake frequency of animal-based foods indicates that most participants exceeded national dietary recommendations for meat and processed meat and remained below recommendations for fish and dairy/eggs intake.
Educational attainment appears to be the strongest and most consistent socioeconomic indicator of sustainable dietary choices in Germany based on current large, representative studies. Future efforts should be directed toward education interventions about nutrition and interpretation of food labels to compensate for differences in dietary behavior among groups with different levels of education.
背景/目的：有证据表明，社会经济地位较高的个体的饮食行为更具可持续性且更注重健康。然而，这些差异会因所考察的社会经济地位指标的不同而有很大差异。在此，我们对德国社会经济地位的多个指标作为动物性食品消费频率及特定饮食相关行为预测因素进行了系统的平行调查。
使用了两项大型欧洲代表性消费者研究中德国子样本的数据（研究1 = 1954人；研究2 = 2045人）。我们在单独的有序逻辑回归中评估了社会经济指标收入、当前职业以及教育程度与动物性食品消费频率及特定饮食相关行为之间的关联。
教育程度较高的个体表现出更具可持续性且更注重健康的饮食行为，这体现在教育程度与动物性食品消费频率之间存在显著关联。低收入和中等收入参与者食用加工肉类更为频繁（仅在研究1中；中等收入：比值比1.5，置信区间1.09 - 2.05，P = 0.012；低收入：比值比1.43，置信区间1.01 - 2.05，P = 0.047），而食用鱼类的频率低于高收入参与者（仅在研究2中；中等收入：比值比0.76，置信区间0.59 - 0.97，P = 0.026；低收入：比值比0.61，置信区间0.46 - 0.82，P < 0.001）。当前职业并不能预测动物性食品的消费或饮食相关行为。动物性食品的摄入频率表明，大多数参与者超过了国家对肉类和加工肉类的膳食建议摄入量，而鱼类和奶制品/蛋类的摄入量仍低于建议水平。
根据当前大规模代表性研究，在德国，教育程度似乎是可持续饮食选择最强且最一致的社会经济指标。未来的努力应指向营养教育干预以及食品标签解读，以弥补不同教育水平群体在饮食行为上的差异。
