Jamar Giovana, Pisani Luciana Pellegrini
Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Laboratory of Nutrition and Endocrine Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo-UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136/311, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11015-020, Brazil.
Eur J Nutr. 2023 Apr;62(3):1077-1091. doi: 10.1007/s00394-022-03062-z. Epub 2022 Dec 9.
High-fat diets have different metabolic responses via gut dysbiosis. In this review, we discuss the complex interaction between the intake of long- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFAs), gut microbiota, and white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction, particularly focusing on the type of fat.
The evidence for the impact of dietary SFAs on the gut microbiota-WAT axis has been mostly derived from in vitro and animal models, but there is now also evidence emerging from human studies. Most current reports show that, in response to high long- and medium-chain SFA diets, WAT functions are altered and can be modulated from microbial metabolites in several manners; and it appears to be also modified under conditions of obesity. SFAs overconsumption can reduce bacterial content and disrupt the gut environment. Both long- and medium-chain SFAs may contribute to proinflammatory cytokines release and TLR4 cascade signaling, either by regulation of endotoxemia markers or myristoylated protein. Palmitic and stearic acids have pathological effects on the intestinal epithelium, microbes, and inflammatory and lipogenic WAT profiles. While myristic and lauric acids display somewhat controversial outcomes, from probiotic effects and contribution to weight loss to cardiometabolic alterations from WAT inflammation.
Identifying an interference of distinct types of SFA in the binomial gut microbiota-WAT may elucidate essential mechanisms of metabolic endotoxemia, which may be the key to triggering obesity, innovating the therapeutic tools for this disease.
高脂饮食通过肠道菌群失调产生不同的代谢反应。在本综述中，我们讨论了长链和中链饱和脂肪酸（SFA）摄入、肠道微生物群和白色脂肪组织（WAT）功能障碍之间的复杂相互作用，尤其关注脂肪类型。
饮食中SFA对肠道微生物群-WAT轴影响的证据大多来自体外和动物模型，但现在也有来自人体研究的证据。目前大多数报告表明，对高长链和中链SFA饮食的反应中，WAT功能会发生改变，并且可以通过几种方式从微生物代谢产物中得到调节；在肥胖条件下其似乎也会被改变。SFA摄入过量会减少细菌含量并破坏肠道环境。长链和中链SFA都可能通过调节内毒素血症标志物或肉豆蔻酰化蛋白来促进促炎细胞因子的释放和TLR4级联信号传导。棕榈酸和硬脂酸对肠上皮、微生物以及炎性和脂肪生成性WAT谱具有病理作用。虽然肉豆蔻酸和月桂酸的结果存在一定争议，从益生菌作用和对体重减轻的贡献到WAT炎症引起的心脏代谢改变。
确定不同类型SFA在肠道微生物群-WAT二元关系中的干扰作用，可能阐明代谢性内毒素血症的基本机制，这可能是引发肥胖的关键，为该疾病创新治疗工具。
