Trkulja Vojislav, Tomić Andrija, Iličić Renata, Nožinić Miloš, Milovanović Tatjana Popović
Agricultural Institute of Republic of Srpska, Knjaza Milosa 17, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, Vuka Karadžića 30, 71123 East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Plant Pathol J. 2022 Dec;38(6):551-571. doi: 10.5423/PPJ.RW.09.2022.0127. Epub 2022 Dec 1.
Xylella fastidiosa is xylem-limited bacterium capable of infecting a wide range of host plants, resulting in Pierce's disease in grapevine, citrus variegated chlorosis, olive quick decline syndrome, peach phony disease, plum leaf scald, alfalfa dwarf, margin necrosis and leaf scorch affecting oleander, coffee, almond, pecan, mulberry, red maple, oak, and other types of cultivated and ornamental plants and forest trees. In the European Union, X. fastidiosa is listed as a quarantine organism. Since its first outbreak in the Apulia region of southern Italy in 2013 where it caused devastating disease on Olea europaea (called olive leaf scorch and quick decline), X. fastidiosa continued to spread and successfully established in some European countries (Corsica and PACA in France, Balearic Islands, Madrid and Comunitat Valenciana in Spain, and Porto in Portugal). The most recent data for Europe indicates that X. fastidiosa is present on 174 hosts, 25 of which were newly identified in 2021 (with further five hosts discovered in other parts of the world in the same year). From the six reported subspecies of X. fastidiosa worldwide, four have been recorded in European countries (fastidiosa, multiplex, pauca, and sandyi). Currently confirmed X. fastidiosa vector species are Philaenus spumarius, Neophilaenus campestris, and Philaenus italosignus, whereby only P. spumarius (which has been identified as the key vector in Apulia, Italy) is also present in Americas. X. fastidiosa control is currently based on pathogen-free propagation plant material, eradication, territory demarcation, and vector control, as well as use of resistant plant cultivars and bactericidal treatments.
木质部难养菌是一种局限于木质部的细菌，能够感染多种寄主植物，导致葡萄的皮尔氏病、柑橘杂色黄化病、油橄榄快速衰退综合征、桃伪病、李叶焦枯病、苜蓿矮化病、夹竹桃边缘坏死和叶焦病，还会影响咖啡、杏仁、山核桃、桑树、红枫、橡树以及其他各类栽培植物、观赏植物和林木。在欧盟，木质部难养菌被列为检疫性生物。自2013年在意大利南部普利亚地区首次爆发并对油橄榄造成毁灭性病害（称为油橄榄叶焦病和快速衰退）以来，木质部难养菌持续传播，并在一些欧洲国家成功定殖（法国的科西嘉岛和普罗旺斯-阿尔卑斯-蓝色海岸大区、西班牙的巴利阿里群岛、马德里和巴伦西亚自治区以及葡萄牙的波尔图）。欧洲的最新数据表明，木质部难养菌存在于174种寄主上，其中25种是2021年新发现的（同年在世界其他地区还发现了另外5种寄主）。在全球已报道的木质部难养菌的6个亚种中，有4个在欧洲国家被记录到（难养亚种、复合亚种、少脉亚种和桑迪亚亚种）。目前已确认的木质部难养菌传播介体物种有吹沫蝉、田野新沫蝉和意大利吹沫蝉，其中只有吹沫蝉（已被确定为意大利普利亚地区的主要传播介体）在美洲也有分布。目前，对木质部难养菌的防治基于使用无病原菌的繁殖植物材料、根除、划定疫区、控制传播介体，以及使用抗性植物品种和杀菌处理。
