Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece.
Department of Neurosurgery, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK.
Med Sci (Basel). 2022 Dec 14;10(4):68. doi: 10.3390/medsci10040068.
Oxidative stress (OS) affects the anterior ocular tissues, rendering them susceptible to several eye diseases. On the other hand, protection of the eye from harmful factors is achieved by unique defense mechanisms, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants could be the cause of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS), a condition of defective extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. A systematic English-language literature review was conducted from May 2022 to June 2022. The main antioxidant enzymes protecting the eye from reactive oxygen species (ROS) are superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which catalyze the reduction of specific types of ROS. Similarly, non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamins A, E and C, carotenoids and glutathione (GSH) are involved in removing ROS from the cells. PEXS is a genetic disease, however, environmental and dietary factors also influence its development. Additionally, many OS products disrupting the ECM remodeling process and modifying the antioxidative defense status could lead to PEXS. This review discusses the antioxidative defense of the eye in association with PEXS, and the intricate link between OS and PEXS. Understanding the pathways of PEXS evolution, and developing new methods to reduce OS, are crucial to control and treat this disease. However, further studies are required to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of PEXS.
氧化应激（OS）会影响眼前部组织，使它们易患多种眼部疾病。另一方面，眼睛通过独特的防御机制来保护自身免受有害因素的侵害，其中包括酶类和非酶类抗氧化剂。氧化剂和抗氧化剂之间的失衡可能是假性剥脱综合征（PEXS）的病因，这是一种细胞外基质（ECM）重塑缺陷的情况。我们从 2022 年 5 月至 2022 年 6 月进行了系统的英文文献综述。保护眼睛免受活性氧（ROS）侵害的主要抗氧化酶包括超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx），它们可催化特定类型 ROS 的还原。同样，非酶类抗氧化剂如维生素 A、E 和 C、类胡萝卜素和谷胱甘肽（GSH）也参与了从细胞中清除 ROS。PEXS 是一种遗传性疾病，但环境和饮食因素也会影响其发展。此外，许多破坏 ECM 重塑过程并改变抗氧化防御状态的 OS 产物也可能导致 PEXS。本综述讨论了眼睛的抗氧化防御与 PEXS 的关系，以及 OS 与 PEXS 之间的复杂联系。了解 PEXS 演变的途径，以及开发减少 OS 的新方法，对于控制和治疗这种疾病至关重要。然而，还需要进一步的研究来阐明 PEXS 的分子发病机制。
