Méndez Anxo, Martín Luis, Arines Justo, Carballeira Rafael, Sanmartín Patricia
GEMAP (GI-1243), Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultade de Óptica e Optometría, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Insects. 2022 Dec 14;13(12):1153. doi: 10.3390/insects13121153.
Artificial light at night (ALAN) reduces insect populations by altering their movements, foraging, reproduction, and predation. Although ALAN is mainly associated with streetlights and road networks, the ornamental illumination of monuments is making an increasing (but not well-studied) contribution. We compared insect attraction to two different types of light sources: a metal halide lamp (a type currently used to illuminate monuments) and an environmentally sound prototype lamp (CromaLux) comprising a combination of green and amber LEDs. The experiment was performed within the pilot CromaLux project in Santiago de Compostela (NW Spain). The abundance and diversity of the insects captured between June and October 2021 in the areas surrounding both light sources and in an unlit area were compared. By limiting the light emitted to amber and green, the CromaLux lamps reduced the number and diversity of insects, morphospecies, and orders attracted to the light, with similar numbers captured as in the unilluminated area, while a greater diversity of insects was captured beside the metal halide lamp. This effect has been demonstrated for almost all insect orders trapped, especially in Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera. On the contrary, Psocoptera showed a similar attraction to the CromaLux and metal halide lamps, a phenomenon whose causes deserve further investigation. As expected, Diptera were the most diverse and abundant insects in all samples, but the abundance of Lepidoptera was unexpectedly low (4%), which is in line with the worldwide evidence of the progressive decline of populations of this group. The study findings provide evidence that selecting specific wavelengths for ornamental lighting reduces the attraction of insects while maintaining adequate illumination of monuments for aesthetic purposes, resulting in a lower environmental impact on nocturnal insects. This study provides reference data for developing principles of good practices leading to possible regulatory and legal solutions and the incorporation of specific measures for artificial lighting of monuments and urban structures.
夜间人造光（ALAN）通过改变昆虫的活动、觅食、繁殖和捕食行为来减少昆虫数量。尽管ALAN主要与路灯和道路网络有关，但纪念碑的装饰照明也在做出越来越大（但研究不足）的贡献。我们比较了昆虫对两种不同类型光源的吸引力：金属卤化物灯（一种目前用于照亮纪念碑的灯）和一种环保原型灯（CromaLux），它由绿色和琥珀色发光二极管组合而成。该实验在西班牙西北部圣地亚哥 - 德孔波斯特拉的CromaLux试点项目中进行。比较了2021年6月至10月期间在两个光源周围区域以及一个未照明区域捕获的昆虫的数量和多样性。通过将发出的光限制为琥珀色和绿色，CromaLux灯减少了被光吸引的昆虫数量、多样性、形态种类和目，捕获的数量与未照明区域相似，而在金属卤化物灯旁边捕获的昆虫多样性更大。这种效应在几乎所有被困的昆虫目中都得到了证明，尤其是双翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目和膜翅目。相反，啮目对CromaLux灯和金属卤化物灯表现出相似的吸引力，这一现象的原因值得进一步研究。正如预期的那样，双翅目是所有样本中种类最多、数量最丰富的昆虫，但鳞翅目的数量出乎意料地低（4%），这与该类群在全球范围内种群逐渐减少的证据一致。研究结果表明，选择特定波长用于装饰照明在保持纪念碑出于美学目的有足够照明的同时，减少了对昆虫的吸引力，从而降低了对夜间昆虫的环境影响。本研究为制定良好实践原则提供了参考数据，这些原则可能会带来监管和法律解决方案，并纳入针对纪念碑和城市建筑人工照明的具体措施。
