Sainz Martinez Aitor, Lanaridi Olga, Stagel Kristof, Halbwirth Heidi, Schnürch Michael, Bica-Schröder Katharina
Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, Vienna, Austria.
Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, Vienna, Austria.
Nat Prod Rep. 2023 Mar 22;40(3):676-717. doi: 10.1039/d2np00059h.
Historically, cannabis has always constituted a component of the civilized world; archaeological discoveries indicate that it is one of the oldest crops, while, up until the 19th century, cannabis fibers were extensively used in a variety of applications, and its seeds comprised a part of human and livestock nutrition. Additional evidence supports its exploitation for medicinal purposes in the ancient world. The cultivation of cannabis gradually declined as hemp fibers gave way to synthetic fibers, while the intoxicating ability of THC eventually overshadowed the extensive potential of cannabis. Nevertheless, the proven value of certain non-intoxicating cannabinoids, such as CBD and CBN, has recently given rise to an entire market which promotes cannabis-based products. An increase in the research for recovery and exploitation of beneficial cannabinoids has also been observed, with more than 10 000 peer-reviewed research articles published annually. In the present review, a brief overview of the history of cannabis is given. A look into the classification approaches of cannabis plants/species as well as the associated nomenclature is provided, followed by a description of their chemical characteristics and their medically valuable components. The application areas could not be absent from the present review. Still, the main focus of the review is the discussion of work conducted in the field of extraction of valuable bioactive compounds from cannabis. We conclude with a summary of the current status and outlook on the topics that future research should address.
从历史角度看，大麻一直是文明世界的一部分；考古发现表明，它是最古老的作物之一，而直到19世纪，大麻纤维还广泛应用于各种用途，其种子也是人类和牲畜营养的一部分。更多证据支持其在古代就被用于医疗目的。随着麻纤维被合成纤维取代，大麻的种植逐渐减少，而四氢大麻酚（THC）的致醉能力最终掩盖了大麻的广泛潜力。然而，某些非致醉性大麻素，如大麻二酚（CBD）和大麻酚（CBN）的已证实价值，最近催生了一个推广大麻产品的完整市场。对有益大麻素的回收和利用的研究也有所增加，每年有超过10000篇经过同行评审的研究文章发表。在本综述中，对大麻的历史进行了简要概述。介绍了大麻植物/物种的分类方法以及相关命名法，随后描述了它们的化学特性及其具有医学价值的成分。本综述也不会遗漏应用领域。不过，综述的主要重点是讨论从大麻中提取有价值的生物活性化合物领域的研究工作。我们最后总结了当前的现状以及对未来研究应解决的主题的展望。
