Ashrafizadeh Milad, Zarrabi Ali, Karimi-Maleh Hassan, Taheriazam Afshin, Mirzaei Sepideh, Hashemi Mehrdad, Hushmandi Kiavash, Makvandi Pooyan, Nazarzadeh Zare Ehsan, Sharifi Esmaeel, Goel Arul, Wang Lingzhi, Ren Jun, Nuri Ertas Yavuz, Kumar Alan Prem, Wang Yuzhuo, Rabiee Navid, Sethi Gautam, Ma Zhaowu
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle Istanbul Turkey.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Istinye University Istanbul Turkey.
Bioeng Transl Med. 2022 Jun 17;8(1):e10353. doi: 10.1002/btm2.10353. eCollection 2023 Jan.
Urological cancers are among the most common malignancies around the world. In particular, bladder cancer severely threatens human health due to its aggressive and heterogeneous nature. Various therapeutic modalities have been considered for the treatment of bladder cancer although its prognosis remains unfavorable. It is perceived that treatment of bladder cancer depends on an interdisciplinary approach combining biology and engineering. The nanotechnological approaches have been introduced in the treatment of various cancers, especially bladder cancer. The current review aims to emphasize and highlight possible applications of nanomedicine in eradication of bladder tumor. Nanoparticles can improve efficacy of drugs in bladder cancer therapy through elevating their bioavailability. The potential of genetic tools such as siRNA and miRNA in gene expression regulation can be boosted using nanostructures by facilitating their internalization and accumulation at tumor sites and cells. Nanoparticles can provide photodynamic and photothermal therapy for ROS overgeneration and hyperthermia, respectively, in the suppression of bladder cancer. Furthermore, remodeling of tumor microenvironment and infiltration of immune cells for the purpose of immunotherapy are achieved through cargo-loaded nanocarriers. Nanocarriers are mainly internalized in bladder tumor cells by endocytosis, and proper design of smart nanoparticles such as pH-, redox-, and light-responsive nanocarriers is of importance for targeted tumor therapy. Bladder cancer biomarkers can be detected using nanoparticles for timely diagnosis of patients. Based on their accumulation at the tumor site, they can be employed for tumor imaging. The clinical translation and challenges are also covered in current review.
泌尿系统癌症是全球最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。特别是膀胱癌，因其侵袭性和异质性，严重威胁人类健康。尽管膀胱癌的预后仍然不容乐观，但人们已经考虑了各种治疗方式来治疗膀胱癌。人们认为，膀胱癌的治疗依赖于生物学和工程学相结合的跨学科方法。纳米技术方法已被引入各种癌症的治疗中，尤其是膀胱癌。本综述旨在强调和突出纳米医学在根除膀胱肿瘤方面的可能应用。纳米颗粒可以通过提高药物的生物利用度来提高其在膀胱癌治疗中的疗效。通过促进小干扰RNA（siRNA）和微小RNA（miRNA）等基因工具在肿瘤部位和细胞的内化和积累，利用纳米结构可以增强它们在基因表达调控中的潜力。纳米颗粒可以分别为抑制膀胱癌提供光动力疗法以产生过量活性氧（ROS）和光热疗法以实现热疗。此外，通过负载药物的纳米载体可以实现肿瘤微环境的重塑和免疫细胞的浸润，以达到免疫治疗的目的。纳米载体主要通过内吞作用进入膀胱肿瘤细胞，合理设计智能纳米颗粒，如对pH、氧化还原和光响应的纳米载体，对于靶向肿瘤治疗至关重要。可以使用纳米颗粒检测膀胱癌生物标志物，以便及时诊断患者。基于它们在肿瘤部位的积累，可将其用于肿瘤成像。本综述还涵盖了临床转化和挑战。
