Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Laboratory of Genetics, Biotechnology and Seed Science (GbioS), Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, BP 2549 Abomey-Calavi, Republic of Benin.
Plant Cell. 2023 Apr 20;35(5):1334-1359. doi: 10.1093/plcell/koad018.
Gynandropsis gynandra (Cleomaceae) is a cosmopolitan leafy vegetable and medicinal plant, which has also been used as a model to study C4 photosynthesis due to its evolutionary proximity to C3 Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we present the genome sequence of G. gynandra, anchored onto 17 main pseudomolecules with a total length of 740 Mb, an N50 of 42 Mb and 30,933 well-supported gene models. The G. gynandra genome and previously released genomes of C3 relatives in the Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae make an excellent model for studying the role of genome evolution in the transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis. Our analyses revealed that G. gynandra and its C3 relative Tarenaya hassleriana shared a whole-genome duplication event (Gg-α), then an addition of a third genome (Th-α, +1×) took place in T. hassleriana but not in G. gynandra. Analysis of syntenic copy number of C4 photosynthesis-related gene families indicates that G. gynandra generally retained more duplicated copies of these genes than C3T. hassleriana, and also that the G. gynandra C4 genes might have been under positive selection pressure. Both whole-genome and single-gene duplication were found to contribute to the expansion of the aforementioned gene families in G. gynandra. Collectively, this study enhances our understanding of the polyploidy history, gene duplication and retention, as well as their impact on the evolution of C4 photosynthesis in Cleomaceae.
黄花草木樨（玄参科）是一种世界性的绿叶蔬菜和药用植物，由于其与 C3 拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）的进化关系密切，因此也被用作研究 C4 光合作用的模型。在这里，我们呈现了黄花草木樨的基因组序列，该序列锚定在 17 个主要的假染色体上，总长为 740Mb，N50 为 42Mb，有 30933 个经过充分支持的基因模型。黄花草木樨基因组和已发布的玄参科和十字花科的 C3 亲缘基因组为研究基因组进化在从 C3 到 C4 光合作用的转变中的作用提供了极好的模型。我们的分析表明，黄花草木樨和它的 C3 近缘种 Tarenaya hassleriana 共享一个全基因组复制事件（Gg-α），然后在 T. hassleriana 中发生了第三个基因组（Th-α，+1×）的添加，但在黄花草木樨中没有发生。对 C4 光合作用相关基因家族的共线性拷贝数的分析表明，黄花草木樨通常比 C3T. hassleriana 保留了更多这些基因的重复拷贝，并且黄花草木樨的 C4 基因可能受到正选择压力。全基因组和单基因复制都被发现有助于黄花草木樨上述基因家族的扩张。总的来说，这项研究增进了我们对玄参科多倍体历史、基因复制和保留以及它们对 C4 光合作用进化的影响的理解。
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