Bityutskaya Ekaterina V, Korneev Aleksey A
Faculty of psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
Psychol Russ. 2021 Sep 30;14(3):180-199. doi: 10.11621/pir.2021.0312. eCollection 2021.
Many studies have shown that problem-focused coping and a positive reappraisal of one's situation are the most conducive to achieving life goals and psychological well-being, whereas avoidance coping and self-blame have a negative impact on well-being. But there is not enough data on what the predictors of these coping strategies are in the situational context.
To assess the combined influence of subjective appraisal (uncontrollability, unclearness, negative emotions) and orientations in difficult situations (by drive and rejection) on planful problem solving, positive reappraisal, wishful thinking (fantasizing), and self-blame.
The research has a survey design. The sample consisted of 637 adult participants who analyzed difficult situations in their lives associated with achieving significant life goals of various types (N = 637; 60% female; M = 24.2; SD = 6.25). Two alternative structural models were assessed, which include subjective appraisals of the situation (uncontrollability, unclearness, intensity of negative emotions), orientations in difficult situations (drive and rejection), and ways of coping (planful problem-solving, positive reappraisal, wishful thinking, and self-blame).
The first model, in which all cognitive appraisals and orientations in difficult situations directly influence coping strategies, has relatively low fit indices. The second model, in which the influence of cognitive appraisal was partially mediated by orientations in difficult situations, has better fit indices. In life situations involving solution of a difficult task, the strongest predictor of problem-focused coping and positive reappraisal is the "drive" orientation of being attracted to difficulties, which mediates the influence of subjective control and emotions on these ways of coping. An orientation away from difficulties, "rejection," mediates the influence of unclearness and negative emotions on fantasizing and self-blame. A low level of subjective control directly affects self-blame and the avoidance of problem-solving. Negative emotions are a weak predictor of self-blame.
Interaction between the subject and the situation involves appraisal of difficulty, which influences orientation in difficult situations. In turn, orientations are predictors of coping strategies. The characteristics of the psychological situation determine coping, which may be oriented toward approach to or avoidance of the goal.
许多研究表明，以问题为中心的应对方式以及对自身处境的积极重新评价最有助于实现生活目标和心理健康，而回避应对和自我责备则会对幸福感产生负面影响。但关于在情境背景下这些应对策略的预测因素的数据还不够充分。
评估主观评价（不可控性、不清晰性、负面情绪）和在困难情境中的取向（通过驱力和拒绝）对有计划地解决问题、积极重新评价、如意想法（幻想）和自我责备的综合影响。
本研究采用调查设计。样本包括637名成年参与者，他们分析了自己生活中与实现各类重大生活目标相关的困难情境（N = 637；60%为女性；M = 24.2；标准差 = 6.25）。评估了两个替代结构模型，其中包括对情境的主观评价（不可控性、不清晰性、负面情绪强度）、在困难情境中的取向（驱力和拒绝）以及应对方式（有计划地解决问题、积极重新评价、如意想法和自我责备）。
第一个模型中，所有认知评价和在困难情境中的取向直接影响应对策略，其拟合指数相对较低。第二个模型中，认知评价的影响部分由在困难情境中的取向介导，其拟合指数更好。在涉及解决困难任务的生活情境中，以问题为中心的应对方式和积极重新评价的最强预测因素是被困难所吸引的“驱力”取向，它介导了主观控制和情绪对这些应对方式的影响。远离困难的取向“拒绝”介导了不清晰性和负面情绪对幻想和自我责备的影响。低水平的主观控制直接影响自我责备和对解决问题的回避。负面情绪是自我责备的较弱预测因素。
主体与情境之间的相互作用涉及对困难的评价，这会影响在困难情境中的取向。反过来，取向是应对策略的预测因素。心理情境的特征决定应对方式，应对方式可能以接近或回避目标为导向。
