Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.
Ageing Res Rev. 2023 Apr;86:101868. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101868. Epub 2023 Feb 2.
Physical activity is one of the modifiable factors of cognitive decline and dementia with the strongest evidence. Although many influential reviews have illustrated the neurobiological mechanisms of the cognitive benefits of physical activity, none of them have linked the neurobiological mechanisms to normal exercise physiology to help the readers gain a more advanced, comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. In this review, we address this issue and provide a synthesis of the literature by focusing on five most studied neurobiological mechanisms. We show that the body's adaptations to enhance exercise performance also benefit the brain and contribute to improved cognition. Specifically, these adaptations include, 1), the release of growth factors that are essential for the development and growth of neurons and for neurogenesis and angiogenesis, 2), the production of lactate that provides energy to the brain and is involved in the synthesis of glutamate and the maintenance of long-term potentiation, 3), the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines that reduce neuroinflammation, 4), the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzyme activity that reduce oxidative stress, and 5), the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and 5-HT that regulate neurogenesis and modulate cognition. We also discussed several issues relevant for prescribing physical activity, including what intensity and mode of physical activity brings the most cognitive benefits, based on their influence on the above five neurobiological mechanisms. We hope this review helps readers gain a general understanding of the state-of-the-art knowledge on the neurobiological mechanisms of the cognitive benefits of physical activity and guide them in designing new studies to further advance the field.
身体活动是认知能力下降和痴呆症可改变的因素之一，其证据最为确凿。虽然许多有影响力的综述已经阐明了身体活动对认知有益的神经生物学机制，但没有一篇综述将神经生物学机制与正常运动生理学联系起来，以帮助读者更深入、全面地了解这一现象。在这篇综述中，我们解决了这个问题，并通过关注五个研究最多的神经生物学机制来对文献进行综合分析。我们表明，身体为提高运动表现而进行的适应性改变也有益于大脑，并有助于改善认知。具体来说，这些适应性改变包括：1）生长因子的释放，生长因子对于神经元的发育和生长以及神经发生和血管生成至关重要；2）乳酸的产生，为大脑提供能量，参与谷氨酸的合成和长时程增强的维持；3）抗炎细胞因子的释放，减少神经炎症；4）线粒体生物发生和抗氧化酶活性的增加，减少氧化应激；5）神经递质如多巴胺和 5-HT 的释放，调节神经发生并调节认知。我们还讨论了与规定身体活动相关的几个问题，包括根据身体活动对上述五个神经生物学机制的影响，什么强度和模式的身体活动会带来最大的认知益处。我们希望这篇综述能帮助读者全面了解身体活动对认知有益的神经生物学机制的最新知识，并指导他们设计新的研究，以进一步推动该领域的发展。
