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语言与面向未来的经济行为——因果效应的实验证据。

Languages and future-oriented economic behavior-Experimental evidence for causal effects.

机构信息

Yale Law School, New Haven, CT 06511.

Tel Aviv University, Buchmann Faculty of Law, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel.

出版信息

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Feb 14;120(7):e2208871120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2208871120. Epub 2023 Feb 6.

DOI:10.1073/pnas.2208871120
PMID:36745779
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9964034/
Abstract

Studies have shown that the use of languages which grammatically associate the future and the present tends to correlate with more future-oriented behavior. We take an experimental approach to go beyond correlation. We asked bilingual research participants, people fluent in two languages (12 language pairs) which differ in the way they encode time, to make a set of future-oriented economic decisions. We find that participants addressed in a language in which the present and the future are marked more distinctly tended to value future events less than participants addressed in a language in which the present and the future are similarly marked. In an additional experiment, bilingual research participants (seven language pairs) were asked to choose whether they wish to complete a more enjoyable task first or later (delayed gratification). When addressed in a language in which the present and the future are marked more distinctly, participants tended to prefer immediate gratification more than when addressed in a language in which the present and the future are marked less distinctly. We shed light on the mechanism in a within-person experiment in which bilingual research participants (nine language pairs) were asked to spatially mark the distance between the present and the future. When participants were addressed in a language in which the present and the future are marked more distinctly, they tended to express more precise temporal beliefs compared with when addressed in a language in which the present and the future are marked less distinctly.

摘要

研究表明，使用在语法上将未来和现在联系起来的语言往往与更面向未来的行为相关。我们采取实验方法来超越相关性。我们要求双语研究参与者（12 种语言对）做出一系列面向未来的经济决策，这些参与者熟练掌握两种语言，这两种语言在编码时间的方式上存在差异。我们发现，用一种更清晰地标记现在和未来的语言来称呼参与者，他们对未来事件的重视程度低于用一种更相似地标记现在和未来的语言来称呼参与者。在另一个实验中，我们要求双语研究参与者（七种语言对）选择他们希望先完成一项更愉快的任务还是稍后完成（延迟满足）。当用一种更清晰地标记现在和未来的语言来称呼参与者时，他们更倾向于即时满足，而不是用一种更不清晰地标记现在和未来的语言来称呼参与者。我们在一项个体内实验中揭示了这种机制，在该实验中，我们要求双语研究参与者（九种语言对）用空间来标记现在和未来之间的距离。当参与者用一种更清晰地标记现在和未来的语言来称呼时，与用一种更不清晰地标记现在和未来的语言来称呼时相比，他们往往表达出更精确的时间信念。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3626/9964034/efd130b1c4f8/pnas.2208871120fig05.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3626/9964034/c342e0756b1e/pnas.2208871120fig01.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3626/9964034/2e2274d7f140/pnas.2208871120fig02.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3626/9964034/06f770fabcb4/pnas.2208871120fig03.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3626/9964034/96486cdfb29f/pnas.2208871120fig04.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3626/9964034/efd130b1c4f8/pnas.2208871120fig05.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3626/9964034/c342e0756b1e/pnas.2208871120fig01.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3626/9964034/2e2274d7f140/pnas.2208871120fig02.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3626/9964034/06f770fabcb4/pnas.2208871120fig03.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3626/9964034/96486cdfb29f/pnas.2208871120fig04.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/3626/9964034/efd130b1c4f8/pnas.2208871120fig05.jpg

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