Cellular metabolism: a link connecting cellular behaviour with the physiochemical properties of biomaterials for bone tissue engineering.

Biomaterial properties, such as surface roughness, morphology, stiffness, conductivity, and chemistry, significantly influence a cell's ability to sense and adhere to its surface and regulate cell functioning. Understanding how biomaterial properties govern changes in cellular function is one of the fundamental goals of tissue engineering. Still, no generalized rule is established to predict cellular processes (adhesion, spreading, growth and differentiation) on biomaterial surfaces. A few studies have highlighted that cells sense biomaterial properties at multiple length scales and regulate various intracellular biochemical processes like cytoskeleton organization, gene regulation, and receptor expression to influence cell function. However, recent studies have found cellular metabolism as another critical aspect of cellular processes that regulate cell behavior, co-relating metabolism to cellular functions like adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Now researchers have started to uncover previously overlooked factors on how biomaterial properties govern changes in cellular functions mediated through metabolism. This review highlights how different physiochemical properties of scaffolds designed from different biomaterials influence cell metabolism. The review also discusses the role of metabolism change in cellular functions and cell behavior in the context of bone tissue engineering. It also emphasizes the importance of cell metabolism as a missing link between the cellular behavior and physicochemical properties of scaffolds and serves as a guiding principle for designing scaffolds for tissue engineering.