Distribution of Virulence Genes in spp. Isolated from Mushrooms in Iran.

The white button mushroom () is a significant nutritional and therapeutic species utilized in the human diet and could transmit various bacterial infections. species are the most common cause of foodborne illness across the world. The present study has been planned to determine the frequency of virulence genes and antibiotic susceptibility test in spp. recovered from mushroom. In this study, 740 mushroom samples were gathered randomly from various markets from June 2020 to December 2020. Confirmation of spp. using biochemical analyses and -based PCR was performed. The agar dilution technique was used to determine resistance to antibiotics using gentamicin (GM10g), ciprofloxacin (CIP5g), nalidixic acid (NA30g), tetracycline (TE30g), ampicillin (AM10g), amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid (AMC30g), erythromycine (E15g), azithromycin (AZM15g), clindamycin (CC2g), and chloramphenicol (C30g). Multiplex PCR was utilized to determine the prevalence of the , , , , , , , , , , , , and genes. spp. were detected in 74 out of 740 mushroom samples (10%). According to the data, mushroom samples included 32 (4.32%) , 11 (1.48%) , and 31 (4.18%) other spp. Antimicrobial resistance was most common in isolates. isolates also had the lowest resistance rate to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. isolates were reported to have the highest antimicrobial resistance to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and erythromycine. Resistance to gentamycin and amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid was likewise lowest among strains. The and genes were found in 100% of B-lactams-susceptible and strains. When examining the relationship between antibiotic resistance and the existence of virulence genes, it was observed that there is a statistically significant relationship ( < 0.001) between bacterial resistance and virulence genes. Our findings indicated that changes in resistance patterns in strains have emerged from multiple treatment approaches in mushrooms.