Sorgente Vincenzo, Agudo-Ortega Aaron, Lopez-Hernandez Alejandro, Santos Del Cerro Jesus, Minciacchi Diego, González Ravé José María
Kinesiology and Motor Control (Ki.Mo.Co.) Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Physiological Sciences Section, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy.
Sport Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2023 Feb 1;8(1):20. doi: 10.3390/jfmk8010020.
Evaluating force-velocity characteristics on dry-land is of the utmost importance in swimming, because higher levels of these bio-motor abilities positively affect in-water performance. However, the wide range of possible technical specializations presents an opportunity for a more categorized approach that has yet to be seized. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify feasible differences in maximum force-velocity exertion based on swimmers' stroke and distance specialization. To this scope, 96 young male swimmers competing at the regional level were divided into 12 groups, one for each stroke (butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and front crawl) and distance (50 m, 100 m, and 200 m). They performed two single pull-up tests, 5-min before and after competing in a federal swimming race. We assessed force (N) and velocity (m/s) exertion via linear encoder. There were no significant differences between pre-post maximum force-velocity exertions, despite the decreasing trend. Force-parameters highly correlated with each other and with the swimming performance time. Moreover, both force (t = -3.60, < 0.001) and velocity (t = -3.90, < 0.001) were significant predictors of swimming race time. Sprinters (both 50 m and 100 m) of all strokes could exert significantly higher force-velocity compared to 200 m swimmers (e.g., 0.96 ± 0.06 m/s performed by sprinters vs. 0.66 ± 0.03 m/s performed by 200 m swimmers). Moreover, breaststroke sprinters presented significantly lower force-velocity compared to sprinters specialized in the other strokes (e.g., 1047.83 ± 61.33 N performed by breaststroke sprinters vs. 1263.62 ± 161.23 N performed by butterfly sprinters). This study could provide the foundation for future research regarding the role of stroke and distance specializations in modeling swimmers' force-velocity abilities, thus influencing paramount elements for specific training and improvement towards competitions.
评估旱地力量 - 速度特征在游泳运动中至关重要，因为这些生物运动能力的提高会对水中表现产生积极影响。然而，众多可能的技术专长提供了一个尚未被抓住的机会，可采用更具分类性的方法。因此，本研究的目的是根据游泳运动员的划水和距离专长，确定最大力量 - 速度发挥方面的可行差异。为此，96名参加地区级比赛的年轻男性游泳运动员被分为12组，每个划水方式（蝶泳、仰泳、蛙泳和自由泳）和距离（50米、100米和200米）各一组。他们在参加联邦游泳比赛前5分钟和比赛后进行了两次单臂引体向上测试。我们通过线性编码器评估力量（牛顿）和速度（米/秒）发挥情况。尽管有下降趋势，但赛前和赛后最大力量 - 速度发挥之间没有显著差异。力量参数之间以及与游泳成绩时间高度相关。此外，力量（t = -3.60，p < 0.001）和速度（t = -3.90，p < 0.001）都是游泳比赛时间的显著预测因素。与200米游泳运动员相比，所有划水方式的短跑运动员（50米和100米）都能发挥出显著更高的力量 - 速度（例如，短跑运动员的速度为0.96 ± 0.06米/秒，而200米游泳运动员的速度为0.66 ± 0.03米/秒）。此外，与其他划水方式的短跑运动员相比，蛙泳短跑运动员的力量 - 速度显著较低（例如，蛙泳短跑运动员的力量为1047.83 ± 61.33牛顿，而蝶泳短跑运动员的力量为1263.62 ± 161.23牛顿）。本研究可为未来关于划水和距离专长在塑造游泳运动员力量 - 速度能力方面作用的研究提供基础，从而影响针对比赛的特定训练和提高的关键因素。
