Thenrajan Thatchanamoorthy, Alwarappan Subbiah, Wilson Jeyaraj
Polymer Electronics Lab., Department of Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630003, Tamilnadu, India.
Diagnostics (Basel). 2023 Feb 17;13(4):766. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13040766.
Cancer is a complicated disease. Globally, it is one of the major causes for morbidity and mortality. A critical challenge associated with it is the difficulty to accurately diagnose it at an early stage. The malignancy due to multistage and heterogeneity that result from genetic and epigenetic modifications poses critical challenge to diagnose and monitor the progress at an early stage. Current diagnostic techniques normally suggest invasive biopsy procedure that can cause further infections and bleeding. Therefore, noninvasive diagnostic methods with high accuracy, safety and earliest detection are the needs of the hour. Herein, we provide a detailed review on the advanced methodologies and protocols developed for the detection of cancer biomarkers based on proteins, nucleic acids and extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, existing challenges and the improvements essential for the rapid, sensitive and noninvasive detection have also been discussed.
癌症是一种复杂的疾病。在全球范围内，它是发病和死亡的主要原因之一。与之相关的一个关键挑战是难以在早期准确诊断。由基因和表观遗传修饰导致的多阶段和异质性所引发的恶性肿瘤，对早期诊断和病情进展监测构成了重大挑战。当前的诊断技术通常建议采用侵入性活检程序，这可能会导致进一步的感染和出血。因此，具有高精度、安全性和最早检测能力的非侵入性诊断方法是当务之急。在此，我们对基于蛋白质、核酸和细胞外囊泡检测癌症生物标志物所开发的先进方法和方案进行了详细综述。此外，还讨论了现有挑战以及实现快速、灵敏和非侵入性检测所必需的改进措施。
