School of Management, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
Research Center for Human Factors and Management Ergonomics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 14;20(4):3325. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043325.
To explore the influence of the construction and presentation frames of visualization information for safety (VIS) on people's situation awareness (SA), we designed a three-level user interface (UI) of VIS based on the three-stage SA theory, including perception (SA1), comprehension (SA2), and projection (SA3). Then, 166 subjects were recruited and divided into three groups to participate in the experiment, in which SA was measured by the situation-present-assessment method (SPAM) and situation-awareness-rating technique (SART), and eye-movement data were recorded. The results show that the level-3 UI design could effectively improve the subjects' SA levels. Although the increase in VIS displayed caused by the higher UI level led to a decrease in the perception-stage score of SA, the level-3 UI fully considered the three stages of human information processing, and helped improve the SA of the subjects; the overall SA score measured using the SART method was not significant, but the result was consistent with the SPAM. There was a framing effect on the presentation of VIS, and subjects perceived different degrees of risk under different presentation frames; that is, less risk under the positive frame, more risk under the negative frame, and a higher level of SA under the positive frame compared with the negative frame. To some extent, the nearest-neighbor-index (NNI) algorithm could be utilized to quantify subjects' eye-tracking fixation mode. While the frames were guided by the high-level interface and the positive presentation frame, the distribution of the subjects' gaze points was more discrete; they could grasp the relevant information more comprehensively and had a relatively high level of SA. To some extent, this study can provide a reference for the design and optimization of the VIS presentation interface.
为了探索可视化信息安全（VIS）构建和呈现框架对人们态势感知（SA）的影响，我们基于 SA 的三阶段理论设计了一个三级用户界面（UI）的 VIS，包括感知（SA1）、理解（SA2）和预测（SA3）。然后，招募了 166 名受试者，并将他们分为三组参与实验，其中 SA 通过情景呈现评估法（SPAM）和情景意识评估技术（SART）进行测量，并记录眼动数据。结果表明，三级 UI 设计可以有效提高受试者的 SA 水平。虽然较高 UI 级别引起的 VIS 显示增加导致 SA 的感知阶段得分下降，但三级 UI 充分考虑了人类信息处理的三个阶段，有助于提高受试者的 SA；使用 SART 方法测量的总体 SA 得分不显著，但结果与 SPAM 一致。VIS 的呈现存在呈现框架效应，受试者在不同的呈现框架下感知到不同程度的风险；即正框架下风险较低，负框架下风险较高，正框架下的 SA 水平高于负框架。在某种程度上，可以利用最近邻指数（NNI）算法来量化受试者的眼动跟踪固定模式。当框架由高级界面和正呈现框架引导时，受试者的注视点分布更加离散；他们可以更全面地掌握相关信息，具有相对较高的 SA 水平。在某种程度上，这项研究可以为 VIS 呈现界面的设计和优化提供参考。
