Sarker Pallab K
Environmental Studies Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
Microorganisms. 2023 Feb 9;11(2):439. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11020439.
Aquaculture, the world's fastest growing food sector, produces over half of all fish for human consumption. Aquaculture feeds include fishmeal and fish oil, extracted from wild-caught fish such as sardines, and poses ecological, food security, and economic drawbacks. Microalgae, yeasts, fungi, bacteria, and other alternative ingredients show promise as potential ingredients in aquafeeds that provide protein/amino acids, lipids, or omega-3 sources and sources of bioactive molecules. This review article discusses the issues that the literature often lacks data on, such as the recent development of using microorganisms, technological innovation, challenges, and opportunities to develop a low environmental footprint of aquaculture diet. The ingredients often require novel processing technology to improve digestibility and fish growth and reduce antinutritional factors. This is an important gap to fill because microalgae are the most frequently used organism in fish feed, particularly as a dietary supplement or mixed with other ingredients. The production, processing, and formulating steps can affect the nutritional qualities. Stepwise strategies are required to evaluate these ingredients for feed application, and in this article, I articulated the stepwise key approaches of evaluating nutritional and environmental response metrics to develop highly sustainable aquaculture feed using these microorganisms, which would guide a more judicious inclusion of these novel ingredients.
水产养殖是全球增长最快的食品行业，其产出的鱼类占人类食用鱼类总量的一半以上。水产养殖饲料包括从野生捕捞的鱼类（如沙丁鱼）中提取的鱼粉和鱼油，存在生态、粮食安全和经济等方面的弊端。微藻、酵母、真菌、细菌和其他替代成分有望成为水产饲料中的潜在成分，这些成分可提供蛋白质/氨基酸、脂质或ω-3来源以及生物活性分子来源。这篇综述文章讨论了文献中常常缺乏数据的一些问题，例如利用微生物的最新进展、技术创新、开发低环境足迹水产养殖饲料所面临的挑战和机遇。这些成分通常需要新颖的加工技术来提高消化率和鱼类生长性能，并减少抗营养因子。这是一个需要填补的重要空白，因为微藻是鱼类饲料中最常用的生物，尤其是作为膳食补充剂或与其他成分混合使用时。生产、加工和配方步骤会影响营养品质。需要采用逐步策略来评估这些成分在饲料中的应用，在本文中，我阐述了评估营养和环境响应指标的逐步关键方法，以利用这些微生物开发高度可持续的水产养殖饲料，这将指导更明智地纳入这些新型成分。
