Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT-AP University, Vijayawada, 522 237, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
Chemosphere. 2023 May;324:138334. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138334. Epub 2023 Mar 7.
Fluoride, a naturally occurring chemical element, is largely insoluble in soils. More than 90% of the fluoride in soil is bound to soil particles and is unable to be dissolved. As part of the soil, fluoride is predominantly located in the colloid or clay fraction of the soil, and the movement of fluoride is strongly affected by the sorption capacity of the soil, which is affected by pH, the type of soil sorbent present, and the salinity. The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment soil quality guideline for fluoride in soils under a residential/parkland land use scenario is 400 mg/kg. In this review, we focus on fluoride contamination in soil and subsurface environments, and the various sources of fluorides are discussed in detail. The average fluoride concentration in soil in different countries and their regulations for soil and water are comprehensively reviewed. In this article, the latest advances in defluoridation methods are highlighted and the importance of further research addressing efficient and cost-effective methods to remediate fluoride contamination in soil is critically discussed. Methods used to mitigate fluoride risks by removing fluoride from the soil are presented. We strongly recommend that regulators and soil chemists in all countries explore opportunities to improve defluoridation methods and consider adopting more stringent regulations for fluoride in soil depending on geologic conditions.
氟是一种天然存在的化学元素，在土壤中溶解度低。超过 90%的土壤氟与土壤颗粒结合，无法溶解。作为土壤的一部分，氟主要存在于土壤胶体或粘土部分，氟的迁移强烈受土壤吸附能力的影响，而土壤吸附能力又受 pH 值、土壤吸附剂类型和盐分的影响。加拿大环境部长理事会在居民区/公园土地利用情景下的土壤氟质量指南值为 400mg/kg。在本综述中，我们重点关注土壤和地下环境中的氟污染，并详细讨论了氟化物的各种来源。综合审查了不同国家土壤和水中的平均氟浓度及其规定。本文重点介绍了脱氟方法的最新进展，并批判性地讨论了进一步研究高效且具有成本效益的方法来修复土壤中氟污染的重要性。提出了从土壤中去除氟化物以减轻氟化物风险的方法。我们强烈建议所有国家的监管机构和土壤化学家探索改善脱氟方法的机会，并根据地质条件考虑对土壤中的氟化物采用更严格的规定。
