Zbonikowski Rafał, Mente Pumza, Bończak Bartłomiej, Paczesny Jan
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2023 Feb 25;13(5):855. doi: 10.3390/nano13050855.
Two-dimensional and pseudo-2D systems come in various forms. Membranes separating protocells from the environment were necessary for life to occur. Later, compartmentalization allowed for the development of more complex cellular structures. Nowadays, 2D materials (e.g., graphene, molybdenum disulfide) are revolutionizing the smart materials industry. Surface engineering allows for novel functionalities, as only a limited number of bulk materials have the desired surface properties. This is realized via physical treatment (e.g., plasma treatment, rubbing), chemical modifications, thin film deposition (using both chemical and physical methods), doping and formulation of composites, or coating. However, artificial systems are usually static. Nature creates dynamic and responsive structures, which facilitates the formation of complex systems. The challenge of nanotechnology, physical chemistry, and materials science is to develop artificial adaptive systems. Dynamic 2D and pseudo-2D designs are needed for future developments of life-like materials and networked chemical systems in which the sequences of the stimuli would control the consecutive stages of the given process. This is crucial to achieving versatility, improved performance, energy efficiency, and sustainability. Here, we review the advancements in studies on adaptive, responsive, dynamic, and out-of-equilibrium 2D and pseudo-2D systems composed of molecules, polymers, and nano/microparticles.
二维和准二维系统有多种形式。将原始细胞与环境分隔开的膜是生命出现所必需的。后来，细胞区室化使得更复杂的细胞结构得以发展。如今，二维材料（如石墨烯、二硫化钼）正在给智能材料行业带来变革。表面工程能够实现新颖的功能，因为只有少数块状材料具备所需的表面特性。这可通过物理处理（如等离子体处理、摩擦）、化学改性、薄膜沉积（包括化学和物理方法）、掺杂以及复合材料的配方设计或涂层来实现。然而，人工系统通常是静态的。自然界创造出动态且具有响应性的结构，这有利于复杂系统的形成。纳米技术、物理化学和材料科学面临的挑战是开发人工自适应系统。对于未来类生命材料和网络化化学系统的发展而言，需要动态二维和准二维设计，其中刺激序列将控制给定过程的连续阶段。这对于实现多功能性、提高性能、能源效率和可持续性至关重要。在此，我们综述了由分子、聚合物以及纳米/微粒构成的自适应、响应性、动态和非平衡二维及准二维系统的研究进展。
