Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
Environ Res. 2023 Jul 15;229:115672. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115672. Epub 2023 Mar 10.
A high number of cancer-related deaths (up to 90) are due to metastasis and simple definition of metastasis is new colony formation of tumor cells in a secondary site. In tumor cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) stimulates metastasis and invasion, and it is a common characteristic of malignant tumors. Prostate cancer, bladder cancer and renal cancer are three main types of urological tumors that their malignant and aggressive behaviors are due to abnormal proliferation and metastasis. EMT has been well-documented as a mechanism for promoting invasion of tumor cells and in the current review, a special attention is directed towards understanding role of EMT in malignancy, metastasis and therapy response of urological cancers. The invasion and metastatic characteristics of urological tumors enhance due to EMT induction and this is essential for ensuring survival and ability in developing new colonies in neighboring and distant tissues and organs. When EMT induction occurs, malignant behavior of tumor cells enhances and their tend in developing therapy resistance especially chemoresistance promotes that is one of the underlying reasons for therapy failure and patient death. The lncRNAs, microRNAs, eIF5A2, Notch-4 and hypoxia are among common modulators of EMT mechanism in urological tumors. Moreover, anti-tumor compounds such as metformin can be utilized in suppressing malignancy of urological tumors. Besides, genes and epigenetic factors modulating EMT mechanism can be therapeutically targeted for interfering malignancy of urological tumors. Nanomaterials are new emerging agents in urological cancer therapy that they can improve potential of current therapeutics by their targeted delivery to tumor site. The important hallmarks of urological cancers including growth, invasion and angiogenesis can be suppressed by cargo-loaded nanomaterials. Moreover, nanomaterials can improve chemotherapy potential in urological cancer elimination and by providing phototherapy, they mediate synergistic tumor suppression. The clinical application depends on development of biocompatible nanomaterials.
大量的癌症相关死亡（高达 90%）是由于转移引起的，而转移的简单定义是肿瘤细胞在次级部位形成新的菌落。在肿瘤细胞中，上皮-间充质转化（EMT）刺激转移和侵袭，这是恶性肿瘤的共同特征。前列腺癌、膀胱癌和肾癌是三种主要的泌尿系统肿瘤，其恶性和侵袭性行为是由于异常增殖和转移。EMT 已被充分证明是促进肿瘤细胞侵袭的机制，在本综述中，特别关注 EMT 在泌尿系统癌症的恶性程度、转移和治疗反应中的作用。由于 EMT 的诱导，泌尿系统肿瘤的侵袭和转移特性增强，这对于确保肿瘤细胞在邻近和远处组织和器官中生存和形成新菌落的能力至关重要。当 EMT 诱导发生时，肿瘤细胞的恶性行为增强，它们发展治疗耐药性的趋势，特别是化疗耐药性增强，这是治疗失败和患者死亡的一个潜在原因。lncRNAs、microRNAs、eIF5A2、Notch-4 和缺氧是泌尿系统肿瘤 EMT 机制中的常见调节剂。此外，二甲双胍等抗肿瘤化合物可用于抑制泌尿系统肿瘤的恶性程度。此外，调节 EMT 机制的基因和表观遗传因素可以作为治疗靶点，用于干扰泌尿系统肿瘤的恶性程度。纳米材料是泌尿系统癌症治疗中的新兴药物，它们可以通过靶向递送到肿瘤部位来提高现有治疗方法的疗效。载药纳米材料可以抑制泌尿系统癌症的重要特征，包括生长、侵袭和血管生成。此外，纳米材料可以通过提供光疗来提高化学疗法在泌尿系统癌症消除中的潜力，从而介导协同肿瘤抑制作用。临床应用取决于生物相容性纳米材料的发展。
