Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2023 Sep;35(9):e14560. doi: 10.1111/nmo.14560. Epub 2023 Mar 13.
The common occurrence of gastric disorders, the accelerating emphasis on the role of the gut-brain axis, and development of realistic, predictive models of gastric function, all place emphasis on increasing understanding of the stomach and its control. However, the ways that regions of the stomach have been described anatomically, physiologically, and histologically do not align well. Mammalian single compartment stomachs can be considered as having four anatomical regions fundus, corpus, antrum, and pyloric sphincter. Functional regions are the proximal stomach, primarily concerned with adjusting gastric volume, the distal stomach, primarily involved in churning and propelling the content, and the pyloric sphincter that regulates passage of chyme into the duodenum. The proximal stomach extends from the dome of the fundus to a circumferential band where propulsive waves commence (slow waves of the pacemaker region), and the distal stomach consists of the pacemaker region and the more distal regions that are traversed by waves of excitation, that travel as far as the pyloric sphincter. Thus, the proximal stomach includes the fundus and different extents of the corpus, whereas the distal stomach consists of the remainder of the corpus and the antrum. The distributions of aglandular regions and of specialized glands, such as oxyntic glands, differ vastly between species and, across species, have little or no relation to anatomical or functional regions. It is hoped that this review helps to clarify nomenclature that defines gastric regions that will provide an improved basis for drawing conclusions for different investigations of the stomach.
胃疾病的普遍发生、对肠-脑轴作用的重视以及对胃功能的现实、可预测模型的发展，都强调了增加对胃及其控制的理解。然而，胃的各个区域在解剖学、生理学和组织学上的描述方式并不一致。哺乳动物的单腔胃可被认为有四个解剖区域：胃底、胃体、胃窦和幽门括约肌。功能区域是胃的近端，主要用于调节胃容量；胃的远端，主要参与搅拌和推进内容物；以及幽门括约肌，它调节食糜进入十二指肠的通道。胃的近端从胃底穹窿延伸到环形带，推进波开始于此（起搏区的慢波）；胃的远端由起搏区和更远端的兴奋波传播区域组成，兴奋波可以传播到幽门括约肌。因此，胃的近端包括胃底和不同程度的胃体，而胃的远端由胃体的其余部分和胃窦组成。无腺区和特殊腺体（如泌酸腺）的分布在不同物种之间差异很大，而且在不同物种之间，与解剖学或功能区域几乎没有关系。希望本综述有助于澄清定义胃区域的命名法，为不同胃研究的结论提供更好的基础。
