Johnson T E, Rule B G
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986 Mar;50(3):537-42. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.3.537.
One hundred men received one of two levels of mitigating circumstance information either before or after being insulted or not insulted by a co-worker. Participants were then provided with an opportunity ostensibly to deliver aversive noise to the co-worker under either high or low social censure conditions. Physiological data and self-report measures revealed that participants who learned of mitigating circumstance information before being provoked exhibited smaller increases in physiological arousal and reported less annoyance than did those who learned of mitigating circumstance information after insult. Aggression data showed that angered participants evaluated their provoker more favorably and retaliated less when they learned of mitigation before rather than after being insulted. These findings supported attribution theory assumptions that mitigating circumstance information known before the provoking incident influences the individual's interpretation of harm, thereby reducing anger and the instigation to aggression. The reduced impact of information on aggression that is acquired after provocation may reflect the provoked individual's shift of attention from cues surrounding harm to a consideration of inhibitory factors for aggression.
一百名男性在被同事侮辱或未被侮辱之前或之后，收到了两种减轻情节信息中的一种。然后，参与者有机会在高或低社会谴责条件下，表面上向同事发出厌恶噪音。生理数据和自我报告测量结果显示，在被激怒之前得知减轻情节信息的参与者，其生理唤醒的增加幅度较小，并且报告的烦恼程度低于在被侮辱后得知减轻情节信息的参与者。攻击数据表明，愤怒的参与者在被侮辱之前而非之后得知减轻情节时，对挑衅者的评价更积极，报复行为也更少。这些发现支持了归因理论的假设，即挑衅事件发生之前已知的减轻情节信息会影响个体对伤害的解释，从而减少愤怒和攻击的冲动。挑衅后获得的信息对攻击行为的影响减弱，可能反映了被激怒个体的注意力从伤害周围的线索转移到了对攻击抑制因素的考虑上。
