IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst. 2023 Apr;17(2):202-228. doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2023.3252402. Epub 2023 May 10.
Rapid, high-sensitivity, and real-time characterization of microorganisms plays a significant role in several areas, including clinical diagnosis, human healthcare, early detection of outbreaks, and the protection of living beings. Integrating microbiology and electrical engineering promises the development of low-cost, miniaturized, autonomous, and high-sensitivity sensors to quantify and characterize bacterial strains at various concentrations. Electrochemical-based biosensors are receiving particular attention in microbiological applications among the different biosensing devices. Several approaches have been adopted to design and fabricate cutting-edge, miniaturized, and portable electrochemical biosensors to track and monitor bacterial cultures in real time. These techniques differ in their sensing interface circuits and microelectrode fabrication. The goals of this review are (1) to summarize the current state of CMOS sensing circuit designs in label-free electrochemical biosensors for bacteria monitoring and (2) to discuss the material and size of the electrodes used in electrochemical biosensors in microbiological applications. In this paper, we reviewed the latest and most advanced CMOS integrated interface circuits that have recently been used in electrochemical biosensors to identify and characterize bacteria species, such as impedance spectroscopy, capacitive, amperometry, and voltammetry, etc. In addition to the interface circuit design, other crucial factors, such as the material and scale of the electrodes, must be considered to increase the sensitivity of electrochemical biosensors. Surveying the literature in this field improves our knowledge about the impact of electrode designs and materials on sensing precision and will help future designers adapt, design, and fabricate appropriate electrode configurations based on their application. Thus, we summarized the conventional microelectrode designs and materials mainly employed in microbial sensors, including interdigitated electrodes (IDEs), microelectrode arrays (MEAs), paper, and carbon-based electrodes, etc.
快速、高灵敏度和实时的微生物特性分析在多个领域都具有重要作用，包括临床诊断、人类健康护理、疫情的早期检测以及生物保护等。将微生物学与电子工程相结合，有望开发出低成本、微型化、自主化和高灵敏度的传感器，以量化和分析各种浓度下的细菌菌株。在不同的生物传感设备中，电化学生物传感器在微生物学应用中受到特别关注。已经采用了几种方法来设计和制造尖端的、微型化的和便携式电化学生物传感器，以实时跟踪和监测细菌培养物。这些技术在其传感接口电路和微电极制造方面有所不同。本综述的目的是：（1）总结用于细菌监测的无标记电化学生物传感器中 CMOS 传感电路设计的最新进展；（2）讨论在微生物学应用中电化学生物传感器中使用的电极的材料和尺寸。在本文中，我们回顾了最近在电化学生物传感器中用于识别和表征细菌种类的最新和最先进的 CMOS 集成接口电路，例如阻抗谱、电容、电流和伏安法等。除了接口电路设计，还必须考虑其他关键因素，例如电极的材料和尺寸，以提高电化学生物传感器的灵敏度。对该领域文献的综述提高了我们对电极设计和材料对传感精度的影响的认识，并将帮助未来的设计者根据其应用来适应、设计和制造适当的电极配置。因此，我们总结了微生物传感器中主要使用的传统微电极设计和材料，包括叉指电极 (IDE)、微电极阵列 (MEA)、纸张和基于碳的电极等。
