TenHouten Warren
Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Int Rev Psychiatry. 2023 Feb;35(1):97-112. doi: 10.1080/09540261.2023.2174413.
Love is defined and examined as an emotion, using the psychoevolutionary theory of emotions developed by Robert Plutchik and extended to social psychiatry by Henry Kellerman. This theory posits a fourfold ethogram, representing the valanced adaptive reactions to problems of life which define the eight primary emotions. The problem of identity is addressed by acceptance and disgust; temporality, by joy-happiness and sadness. Using a hierarchical classification system, love is defined as a secondary-level emotion, a mixture of joy and acceptance. Examination of the brain infrastructure of these emotions supports their interpretation as basic emotions. In romantic and other forms of love, there is a global acceptance-incorporation, of the other, together with the joy of sexual pair-bonding. This can rise to the level of a clinical disposition that is both histrionic and manic, akin to a Durkheimian collective effervescence. The emotions of acceptance and joy are in everyday life constrained by ego-defense mechanisms: acceptance is constrained by a more critical, less idealised, view of a potential love object; uninhibited joy of sexuality is defended against by sublimation, in which libidinal energy is deflected into an emphasis on correct and proper behaviour, and purposive and productive activities.
爱是作为一种情感来定义和审视的，采用的是罗伯特·普鲁契克提出并由亨利·凯勒曼扩展至社会精神病学领域的情感心理进化理论。该理论提出了一个四重行为图，代表了对生活问题的有正负之分的适应性反应，这些反应界定了八种基本情感。身份认同问题通过接纳和厌恶来解决；时间性问题则通过喜悦 - 幸福和悲伤来解决。运用一种层级分类系统，爱被定义为一种二级情感，是喜悦和接纳的混合体。对这些情感的大脑基础结构的研究支持了将它们诠释为基本情感的观点。在浪漫爱情及其他形式的爱情中，存在着对另一方的全面接纳与融合，以及性伴侣关系带来的喜悦感。这可能会上升到一种兼具表演性和躁狂性的临床倾向的程度，类似于涂尔干所说的集体欢腾。在日常生活中，接纳和喜悦的情感会受到自我防御机制的限制：接纳会受到对潜在恋爱对象更批判性、更少理想化看法的限制；对无节制的性喜悦会通过升华作用来防御，在升华过程中，力比多能量会转向强调正确恰当的行为以及有目的和有成效的活动。
