Rezaee Malihe, Mohammadi Fatemeh, Keshavarzmotamed Atoosa, Yahyazadeh Sheida, Vakili Omid, Milasi Yaser Eshaghi, Veisi Vida, Dehmordi Rohollah Mousavi, Asadi Sepideh, Ghorbanhosseini Seyedeh Sara, Rostami Mehdi, Alimohammadi Mina, Azadi Abbas, Moussavi Nushin, Asemi Zatollah, Aminianfar Azadeh, Mirzaei Hamed, Mafi Alireza
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Front Pharmacol. 2023 Apr 19;14:1152672. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1152672. eCollection 2023.
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Like many other cancers, BC therapy is challenging and sometimes frustrating. In spite of the various therapeutic modalities applied to treat the cancer, drug resistance, also known as, chemoresistance, is very common in almost all BCs. Undesirably, a breast tumor might be resistant to different curative approaches (e.g., chemo- and immunotherapy) at the same period of time. Exosomes, as double membrane-bound extracellular vesicles 1) secreted from different cell species, can considerably transfer cell products and components through the bloodstream. In this context, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are a chief group of exosomal constituents with amazing abilities to regulate the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of BC, such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, migration, and particularly drug resistance. Thereby, exosomal ncRNAs can be considered potential mediators of BC progression and drug resistance. Moreover, as the corresponding exosomal ncRNAs circulate in the bloodstream and are found in different body fluids, they can serve as foremost prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers. The current study aims to comprehensively review the most recent findings on BC-related molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways affected by exosomal miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, with a focus on drug resistance. Also, the potential of the same exosomal ncRNAs in the diagnosis and prognosis of BC will be discussed in detail.
乳腺癌（BC）是全球女性中最常见的恶性肿瘤。与许多其他癌症一样，BC治疗具有挑战性，有时令人沮丧。尽管应用了各种治疗方式来治疗癌症，但耐药性，也称为化学抗性，在几乎所有BC中都非常常见。令人遗憾的是，乳腺肿瘤可能在同一时期对不同的治疗方法（如化疗和免疫疗法）产生耐药性。外泌体作为从不同细胞种类分泌的双膜结合细胞外囊泡，能够通过血液循环大量转运细胞产物和成分。在这种情况下，非编码RNA（ncRNA），包括微小RNA（miRNA）、长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）和环状RNA（circRNA），是外泌体成分的主要类别，具有惊人的能力来调节BC的潜在致病机制，如细胞增殖、血管生成、侵袭、转移、迁移，尤其是耐药性。因此，外泌体ncRNA可被视为BC进展和耐药性的潜在介质。此外，由于相应的外泌体ncRNA在血液循环中循环并存在于不同体液中，它们可作为重要的预后/诊断生物标志物。本研究旨在全面综述外泌体miRNA、lncRNA和circRNA影响的与BC相关的分子机制和信号通路的最新发现，重点是耐药性。此外，还将详细讨论相同外泌体ncRNA在BC诊断和预后中的潜力。
