School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Campus Tromsø, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019, Tromsø, Norway.
Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.
Sports Med. 2023 Aug;53(8):1595-1607. doi: 10.1007/s40279-023-01850-z. Epub 2023 May 13.
In this scoping review, we aimed to 1) identify and evaluate existing research that describes the long-term development of training characteristics and performance-determining factors in male and female endurance athletes reaching an elite/international (Tier 4) or world-class level (Tier 5), 2) summarize the available evidence and 3) point out existing knowledge gaps and provide methodological guidelines for future research in this field.
This review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews.
Out of 16772 screened items across a 22-year period (1990-2022), a total of 17 peer-reviewed journal articles met the inclusion criteria and were considered for further analysis. These 17 studies described athletes from seven different sports and seven different countries, with 11 (69%) of the studies being published during the last decade. Of the 109 athletes included in this scoping review, one quarter were women (27%), and three quarters were men (73%). Ten studies included information about the long-term development of training volume and training intensity distribution. A non-linear, year-to-year increase in training volume was found for most athletes, resulting in a subsequent plateau. Furthermore, 11 studies described the development of performance determining factors. Here, most of the studies showed improvements in submaximal variables (e.g., lactate/anaerobic threshold and work economy/efficiency) and maximal performance-indices (e.g., peak speed/watt during performance testing). Conversely, the development of VO2max was inconsistent across studies. No evidence was found regarding possible sex differences in development of training or performance-determining factors among endurance athletes.
Overall, a low number of studies describing the long-term development of training and performance-determining factors is available. This suggests that existing talent development practices in endurance sports are built upon limited scientific evidence. Overall, there is an urgent need for additional long-term studies based on systematic monitoring of athletes from a young age utilizing high-precision, reproducible measurements of training and performance-determining factors.
在本次范围综述中，我们旨在：1）识别和评估现有的研究，这些研究描述了达到精英/国际（第 4 层）或世界级（第 5 层）水平的男性和女性耐力运动员的训练特征和绩效决定因素的长期发展；2）总结现有证据；3）指出现有知识空白，并为该领域的未来研究提供方法学指导。
本综述按照乔安娜·布里格斯研究所（Joanna Briggs Institute）的范围综述方法进行。
在 22 年的时间跨度内（1990-2022 年），共筛选出 16772 项研究，其中有 17 项同行评审的期刊文章符合纳入标准，并进一步进行分析。这 17 项研究描述了来自七个不同运动和七个不同国家的运动员，其中 11 项（69%）研究是在过去十年发表的。在本范围综述中纳入的 109 名运动员中，四分之一是女性（27%），四分之三是男性（73%）。有 10 项研究提供了有关训练量和训练强度分布长期发展的信息。大多数运动员的训练量呈非线性逐年增加，随后达到平台期。此外，11 项研究描述了绩效决定因素的发展。在这里，大多数研究显示出亚最大变量（例如，乳酸/无氧阈和工作经济性/效率）和最大性能指数（例如，在性能测试中达到峰值速度/瓦特）的改善。相反，VO2max 的发展在不同的研究中不一致。没有发现耐力运动员在训练或绩效决定因素的发展方面存在性别差异的证据。
总体而言，描述训练和绩效决定因素长期发展的研究数量较少。这表明耐力运动中的现有人才发展实践是基于有限的科学证据。总体而言，需要更多的长期研究，这些研究需要基于从年轻时就对运动员进行系统监测，并利用训练和绩效决定因素的高精度、可重复测量。
