Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, Jiangsu Province, China.
Department of General Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, 225001, China.
Cell Commun Signal. 2023 May 19;21(1):116. doi: 10.1186/s12964-023-01136-x.
Metastasis, the spread of a tumor or cancer from the primary site of the body to a secondary site, is a multi-step process in cancer progression, accounting for various obstacles in cancer treatment and most cancer-related deaths. Metabolic reprogramming refers to adaptive metabolic changes that occur in cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to enhance their survival ability and metastatic potential. Stromal cell metabolism also changes to stimulate tumor proliferation and metastasis. Metabolic adaptations of tumor and non-tumor cells exist not only in the TME but also in the pre-metastatic niche (PMN), a remote TME conducive for tumor metastasis. As a novel mediator in cell-to-cell communication, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), which have a diameter of 30-150 nm, reprogram metabolism in stromal and cancer cells within the TME by transferring bioactive substances including proteins, mRNAs and miRNAs (microRNAs). sEVs can be delivered from the primary TME to PMN, affecting PMN formation in stroma rewriting, angiogenesis, immunological suppression and matrix cell metabolism by mediating metabolic reprogramming. Herein, we review the functions of sEVs in cancer cells and the TME, how sEVs facilitate PMN establishment to trigger metastasis via metabolic reprogramming, and the prospective applications of sEVs in tumor diagnosis and treatment. Video Abstract.
转移，即肿瘤或癌症从身体的原发部位扩散到继发部位，是癌症进展中的多步骤过程，它导致了癌症治疗中的各种障碍，并导致了大多数与癌症相关的死亡。代谢重编程是指肿瘤微环境（TME）中癌细胞发生的适应性代谢变化，以增强其生存能力和转移潜能。基质细胞代谢也会发生变化，以刺激肿瘤增殖和转移。肿瘤和非肿瘤细胞的代谢适应不仅存在于 TME 中，也存在于有利于肿瘤转移的前转移灶（PMN）中。作为细胞间通讯的一种新的介导物，直径为 30-150nm 的小细胞外囊泡（sEVs）通过转移包括蛋白质、mRNA 和 miRNA（microRNAs）在内的生物活性物质，重编程 TME 中的基质细胞和癌细胞的代谢。sEVs 可以从原发性 TME 传递到 PMN，通过代谢重编程调节基质重写、血管生成、免疫抑制和基质细胞代谢，影响 PMN 的形成。在此，我们综述了 sEVs 在癌细胞和 TME 中的功能，sEVs 如何通过代谢重编程促进 PMN 的建立从而引发转移，以及 sEVs 在肿瘤诊断和治疗中的应用前景。视频摘要。
