Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
The Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 May 19;24(10):9006. doi: 10.3390/ijms24109006.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as promising candidates for developing novel therapeutics for a wide range of pathologies, including ocular disorders, due to their ability to deliver a diverse array of bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, to recipient cells. Recent studies have shown that EVs derived from various cell types, including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), retinal pigment epithelium cells, and endothelial cells, have therapeutic potential in ocular disorders, such as corneal injury and diabetic retinopathy. EVs exert their effects through various mechanisms, including promoting cell survival, reducing inflammation, and inducing tissue regeneration. Furthermore, EVs have shown promise in promoting nerve regeneration in ocular diseases. In particular, EVs derived from MSCs have been demonstrated to promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery in various animal models of optic nerve injury and glaucoma. EVs contain various neurotrophic factors and cytokines that can enhance neuronal survival and regeneration, promote angiogenesis, and modulate inflammation in the retina and optic nerve. Additionally, in experimental models, the application of EVs as a delivery platform for therapeutic molecules has revealed great promise in the treatment of ocular disorders. However, the clinical translation of EV-based therapies faces several challenges, and further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to fully explore the therapeutic potential of EVs in ocular disorders and to address the challenges for their successful clinical translation. In this review, we will provide an overview of different types of EVs and their cargo, as well as the techniques used for their isolation and characterization. We will then review the preclinical and clinical studies that have explored the role of EVs in the treatment of ocular disorders, highlighting their therapeutic potential and the challenges that need to be addressed for their clinical translation. Finally, we will discuss the future directions of EV-based therapeutics in ocular disorders. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art of EV-based therapeutics in ophthalmic disorders, with a focus on their potential for nerve regeneration in ocular diseases.
细胞外囊泡 (EVs) 已被认为是开发治疗广泛疾病的新型疗法的有前途的候选物，包括眼部疾病，因为它们能够将包括蛋白质、脂质和核酸在内的多种生物活性分子递送到受体细胞。最近的研究表明，源自各种细胞类型的 EVs，包括间充质基质细胞 (MSCs)、视网膜色素上皮细胞和内皮细胞，在眼部疾病（如角膜损伤和糖尿病性视网膜病变）中具有治疗潜力。EVs 通过多种机制发挥作用，包括促进细胞存活、减少炎症和诱导组织再生。此外，EVs 在促进眼部疾病中的神经再生方面显示出了希望。特别是，源自 MSCs 的 EVs 已被证明可促进各种视神经损伤和青光眼动物模型中的轴突再生和功能恢复。EVs 包含各种神经营养因子和细胞因子，可增强神经元的存活和再生，促进血管生成，并调节视网膜和视神经中的炎症。此外，在实验模型中，将 EV 作为治疗分子的递送平台的应用在治疗眼部疾病方面显示出了巨大的希望。然而，EV 为基础的治疗方法的临床转化面临着一些挑战，需要进一步的临床前和临床研究来充分探索 EV 在眼部疾病中的治疗潜力，并解决其成功临床转化的挑战。在这篇综述中，我们将提供不同类型的 EV 及其 cargo 的概述，以及用于其分离和表征的技术。然后，我们将回顾探索 EV 在治疗眼部疾病中的作用的临床前和临床研究，强调其治疗潜力以及需要解决的挑战，以实现其临床转化。最后，我们将讨论 EV 为基础的治疗方法在眼部疾病中的未来方向。总的来说，这篇综述旨在提供眼部疾病中基于 EV 的治疗的最新研究概述，重点关注它们在眼部疾病中的神经再生潜力。
