Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200011, China.
ACS Nano. 2024 Aug 27;18(34):22793-22828. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c08486. Epub 2024 Aug 14.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane vesicles of various sizes that can be secreted by most cells. EVs contain a diverse array of cargo, including RNAs, lipids, proteins, and other molecules with functions of intercellular communication, immune modulation, and regulation of physiological and pathological processes. The biofluids in the eye, including tears, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor, are important sources for EV-based diagnosis of ocular disease. Because the molecular cargos may reflect the biology of their parental cells, EVs in these biofluids, as well as in the blood, have been recognized as promising candidates as biomarkers for early diagnosis of ocular disease. Moreover, EVs have also been used as therapeutics and targeted drug delivery nanocarriers in many ocular disorders because of their low immunogenicity and superior biocompatibility in nature. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advances in the field of EV-based studies on the diagnosis and therapeutics of ocular disease. We summarized the origins of EVs applied in ocular disease, assessed different methods for EV isolation from ocular biofluid samples, highlighted bioengineering strategies of EVs as drug delivery systems, introduced the latest applications in the diagnosis and treatment of ocular disease, and presented their potential in the current clinical trials. Finally, we briefly discussed the challenges of EV-based studies in ocular disease and some issues of concern for better focusing on clinical translational studies of EVs in the future.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是各种大小的纳米级膜囊泡，大多数细胞都可以分泌。EVs 包含一系列不同的货物，包括 RNA、脂质、蛋白质和其他具有细胞间通讯、免疫调节和调节生理及病理过程功能的分子。眼睛中的生物流体，包括眼泪、房水和玻璃体，是基于 EV 的眼部疾病诊断的重要来源。由于分子货物可能反映其亲本细胞的生物学特性，因此这些生物流体（包括血液）中的 EV 已被认为是眼部疾病早期诊断的有前途的生物标志物候选物。此外，由于其天然的低免疫原性和优异的生物相容性，EV 还被用作许多眼部疾病的治疗方法和靶向药物递送纳米载体。在这篇综述中，我们提供了基于 EV 的眼部疾病诊断和治疗研究领域的最新进展概述。我们总结了应用于眼部疾病的 EV 来源，评估了从眼部生物流体样本中分离 EV 的不同方法，强调了 EV 作为药物递送系统的生物工程策略，介绍了其在眼部疾病诊断和治疗中的最新应用，并展示了它们在当前临床试验中的潜力。最后，我们简要讨论了基于 EV 的眼部疾病研究中的挑战以及一些关注的问题，以便更好地关注未来 EV 在临床转化研究中的应用。
