Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
Institute of Psychology, Department of Philosophy, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
Aggress Behav. 2023 Sep;49(5):445-468. doi: 10.1002/ab.22092. Epub 2023 Jun 7.
One of the oldest scientific theories of human aggression is the frustration-aggression hypothesis, advanced in 1939. Although this theory has received considerable empirical support and is alive and well today, its underlying mechanisms have not been adequately explored. In this article, we examine major findings and concepts from extant psychological research on hostile aggression and offer an integrative conception: aggression is a primordial means for establishing one's sense of significance and mattering, thus addressing a fundamental social-psychological need. Our functional portrayal of aggression as a means to significance yields four testable hypotheses: (1) frustration will elicit hostile aggression proportionately to the extent that the frustrated goal serves the individual's need for significance, (2) the impulse to aggress in response to significance loss will be enhanced in conditions that limit the individual's ability to reflect and engage in extensive information processing (that may bring up alternative, socially condoned means to significance), (3) significance-reducing frustration will elicit hostile aggression unless the impulse to aggress is substituted by a nonaggressive means of significance restoration, (4) apart from significance loss, an opportunity for significance gain can increase the impulse to aggress. These hypotheses are supported by extant data as well as novel research findings in real-world contexts. They have important implications for understanding human aggression and the conditions under which it is likely to be manifested and reduced.
人类攻击行为的最古老科学理论之一是挫折-攻击假说，该假说于 1939 年提出。尽管这一理论得到了相当多的经验支持，并且至今仍然活跃，但它的潜在机制尚未得到充分探索。在本文中，我们考察了现有关于敌意攻击的心理学研究的主要发现和概念，并提出了一个综合概念：攻击是一种确立自身重要性和相关性的原始手段，从而满足了一种基本的社会心理需求。我们将攻击作为一种获得意义的手段进行功能描述，得出了四个可检验的假设：(1) 挫折会引发敌意攻击，其程度与受挫目标对个体意义需求的满足程度成正比；(2) 在限制个体反思和进行广泛信息处理的条件下（这可能会带来替代性的、社会认可的获得意义的手段），因意义丧失而产生的攻击冲动会增强；(3) 除非冲动被非攻击性的意义恢复手段所取代，否则减少意义的挫折会引发敌意攻击；(4) 除了意义丧失之外，获得意义的机会也会增加攻击的冲动。这些假设得到了现有数据以及现实情境中新颖的研究发现的支持。它们对于理解人类攻击行为以及它可能表现和减少的条件具有重要意义。
