Yao Yuan, Hui Yue, Wang Zhenhua, Chen Hehao, Zhu Heng, Zhou Nanjia
Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
Research (Wash D C). 2023 Jun 7;6:0104. doi: 10.34133/research.0104. eCollection 2023.
Ionogels have garnered great attention as promising soft conducting materials for the fabrication of flexible energy storage devices, soft actuators, and ionotronics. However, the leakage of the ionic liquids, weak mechanical strength, and poor manufacturability have greatly limited their reliability and applications. Here, we propose a new ionogel synthesis strategy by utilizing granular zwitterionic microparticles to stabilize ionic liquids. The ionic liquids swell the microparticles and physically crosslink microparticles via either electronic interaction or hydrogen bonding. Further introducing a photocurable acrylic monomer enables the fabrication of double-network (DN) ionogels with high stretchability (>600%) and ultrahigh toughness (fracture energy > 10 kJ/m). The synthesized ionogels exhibit a wide working temperature of -60 to 90 °C. By tuning the crosslinking density of microparticles and physical crosslinking strength of ionogels, we synthesize DN ionogel inks and print them into three-dimensional (3D) motifs. Several ionogel-based ionotronics are 3D printed as demonstrations, including strain gauges, humidity sensors, and ionic skins made of capacitive touch sensor arrays. Via covalently linking ionogels with silicone elastomers, we integrate the ionogel sensors onto pneumatic soft actuators and demonstrate their capacities in sensing large deformation. As our last demonstration, multimaterial direct ink writing is harnessed to fabricate highly stretchable and durable alternating-current electroluminescent devices with arbitrary structures. Our printable granular ionogel ink represents a versatile platform for the future manufacturing of ionotronics.
离子凝胶作为用于制造柔性储能装置、软致动器和离子电子学的有前景的软导电材料,已引起了广泛关注。然而,离子液体的泄漏、较弱的机械强度和较差的可制造性极大地限制了它们的可靠性和应用。在此,我们提出一种新的离子凝胶合成策略,即利用两性离子颗粒来稳定离子液体。离子液体使颗粒膨胀,并通过电子相互作用或氢键使颗粒物理交联。进一步引入光固化丙烯酸单体能够制备具有高拉伸性(>600%)和超高韧性(断裂能>10 kJ/m²)的双网络(DN)离子凝胶。合成的离子凝胶展现出-60至90°C的宽工作温度范围。通过调节颗粒的交联密度和离子凝胶的物理交联强度,我们合成了DN离子凝胶墨水并将其打印成三维(3D)图案。作为演示,3D打印了几种基于离子凝胶的离子电子器件,包括应变计、湿度传感器以及由电容式触摸传感器阵列制成的离子皮肤。通过将离子凝胶与硅橡胶共价连接,我们将离子凝胶传感器集成到气动软致动器上,并展示了它们在感知大变形方面的能力。作为我们的最后一个演示,利用多材料直接墨水书写来制造具有任意结构的高拉伸性和耐用的交流电致发光器件。我们可打印的颗粒状离子凝胶墨水代表了一个用于未来离子电子学制造的通用平台。
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