Perinatal HIV transmission remains a significant public health challenge, with an estimated 160,000 children newly infected with HIV each year. Public health nurses play a critical role in the prevention and elimination of perinatal HIV transmission through targeted interventions such as identification of pregnant women with HIV, referral and linkage to care, provision of antiretroviral therapy, and follow-up and retention in care for both mothers and infants. However, significant barriers to successful implementation exist, including stigma and discrimination, limited access to healthcare services, socioeconomic factors, and limited resources. Addressing these barriers will require a multifaceted approach that includes policy changes, community engagement, and targeted support and resources for affected families. In this review article, we provide an overview of the epidemiology of perinatal HIV transmission, current strategies for prevention and elimination, and the vital role of public health nurses in these efforts. We will also discuss the barriers to the successful implementation of public health nurse interventions and the future directions for research and practice in this field. Ultimately, the goal of perinatal HIV prevention and elimination can only be achieved through a sustained and collaborative effort across multiple sectors and stakeholders, with public health nurses playing a crucial role in this effort.