Stein Richard A, Bianchini Emilia Claire
NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States.
FEMS Microbes. 2022 Jun 2;3:xtac018. doi: 10.1093/femsmc/xtac018. eCollection 2022.
The transmission of infectious diseases is characterized by heterogeneities that are shaped by the host, the pathogen, and the environment. Extreme forms of these heterogeneities are called super-spreading events. Transmission heterogeneities are usually identified retrospectively, but their contribution to the dynamics of outbreaks makes the ability to predict them valuable for science, medicine, and public health. Previous studies identified several factors that facilitate super-spreading; one of them is the interaction between bacteria and viruses within a host. The heightened dispersal of bacteria colonizing the nasal cavity during an upper respiratory viral infection, and the increased shedding of HIV-1 from the urogenital tract during a sexually transmitted bacterial infection, are among the most extensively studied examples of transmission heterogeneities that result from bacterial-viral interactions. Interrogating these transmission heterogeneities, and elucidating the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, are part of much-needed efforts to guide public health interventions, in areas that range from predicting or controlling the population transmission of respiratory pathogens, to limiting the spread of sexually transmitted infections, and tailoring vaccination initiatives with live attenuated vaccines.
传染病的传播具有异质性，这种异质性由宿主、病原体和环境所塑造。这些异质性的极端形式被称为超级传播事件。传播异质性通常是事后识别的，但它们对疫情动态的影响使得预测它们的能力对科学、医学和公共卫生具有重要价值。先前的研究确定了几个促进超级传播的因素；其中之一是宿主内细菌与病毒之间的相互作用。上呼吸道病毒感染期间鼻腔定植细菌的传播增加，以及性传播细菌感染期间泌尿生殖道HIV-1脱落增加，是细菌-病毒相互作用导致的传播异质性中研究最为广泛的例子。探究这些传播异质性，并阐明其潜在的细胞和分子机制，是指导公共卫生干预措施所需努力的一部分，这些领域包括预测或控制呼吸道病原体的人群传播、限制性传播感染的传播，以及定制减毒活疫苗的接种计划。
