Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
J Anim Sci. 2023 Jan 3;101. doi: 10.1093/jas/skad217.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of extrusion, fermentation, and enzymolysis of palm kernel cake on processing quality of pellet feed, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal microbiota of pigs. First, the pretreatment parameters of extrusion, enzymolysis, and fermentation of palm kernel cake were optimized. Then, PKC after three processing techniques were used to prepare pellet feed. A total of 160 crossbred piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) with an average body weight of 28 ± 0.5 kg were used in an 8-wk feeding experiment. Pigs were randomly assigned to five treatments with four replicates per treatment and eight pigs per replicates. The five experimental groups were as follows: basal diet group (whole corn-soybean meal), 10% PKC group (PKC), 10% extrusion PKC group (PPKC), 10% enzymolysis PKC group (EPKC), and 10% fermented PKC group (FPKC), respectively. At the end of the experiment, four pigs from each treatment (randomly collected one pig per pen) were sacrificed by administering a pentobarbital overdose, the gut and blood samples were collected for the quantification analysis of microbiota, hematological parameters, and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. The results showed that all three processing techniques significantly decreased the contents of crude fiber of PKC (P < 0.01), pulverization rate (P < 0.01), powder content (P < 0.01), and increased the hardness and gelatinization starch of pellet feed (P < 0.05) compared to PKC group. In addition, PPKC significantly improved the dry matter, crude protein, and ether extract content, blood indices and average daily feed intake compared to PKC group (P < 0.01), while the parameters were similar among FPKC, EPKC, and control group (P > 0.01). Furthermore, all three processing techniques significantly increased the Lactobacillus and decreased the Escherichia levels in feces or gut compared to PKC. Collectively, extrusion, fermentation, and enzymolysis of PKC had positively enhanced the pellet quality, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut microbiota, extrusion exhibited a superior feeding effect compared to fermentation and enzymolysis.
本研究旨在探讨棕榈仁饼的挤压、发酵和酶解对颗粒饲料加工质量、养分消化率和猪肠道微生物区系的影响。首先，优化了棕榈仁饼挤压、酶解和发酵的预处理参数。然后，采用三种加工技术对 PKC 进行预处理，制备颗粒饲料。选用平均体重为 28±0.5kg 的 160 头杂交仔猪（杜洛克×长白×约克夏）进行为期 8 周的饲养试验。猪随机分为 5 个处理组，每个处理组设 4 个重复，每个重复 8 头猪。5 个实验组分别为：基础日粮组（全玉米-豆粕）、10% PKC 组（PKC）、10%挤压 PKC 组（PPKC）、10%酶解 PKC 组（EPKC）和 10%发酵 PKC 组（FPKC）。试验结束时，每个处理组随机选取 1 头猪（每栏 1 头）进行戊巴比妥钠过量处死，采集肠道和血液样本，用于定量分析微生物、血液参数和全肠道养分消化率。结果表明，与 PKC 组相比，三种加工技术均显著降低了 PKC 的粗纤维含量（P<0.01）、粉碎率（P<0.01）、粉末含量（P<0.01），提高了颗粒饲料的硬度和糊化淀粉（P<0.05）。此外，与 PKC 组相比，PPKC 显著提高了干物质、粗蛋白和醚提取物含量、血液指数和平均日采食量（P<0.01），而 FPKC、EPKC 和对照组之间的参数相似（P>0.01）。此外，与 PKC 组相比，三种加工技术均显著增加了粪便或肠道中的乳酸杆菌数量，降低了大肠杆菌数量。总之，挤压、发酵和酶解棕榈仁饼可显著提高颗粒饲料的质量、生长性能、养分消化率和肠道微生物区系，挤压技术的饲养效果优于发酵和酶解技术。
