Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan.
Department of Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan.
Molecules. 2023 Jun 22;28(13):4926. doi: 10.3390/molecules28134926.
Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a major component of the inorganic minerals in the hard tissues of humans and has been widely used as a biomedical ceramic material in orthopedic and dentistry applications. Because human bone contains several impurities, including carbonates, chlorides, fluorides, magnesium, and strontium, human bone minerals differ from stoichiometric HA. Additionally, natural bone is composed of nano-sized HA, and the nanoscale particles exhibit a high level of biological activity. In this paper, HA is prepared via the hydrothermal process because its reaction conditions are easy to control and it has been shown to be quite feasible for large-scale production. Therefore, the hydrothermal process is an effective and convenient method for the preparation of HA. Furthermore, eggshell is adopted as a source of calcium, and mulberry leaf extract is selectively added to synthesize HA. The eggshell accounts for 11% of the total weight of a whole egg, and it consists of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, magnesium carbonate, and organic matter. Eggshell contains a variety of trace elements, such as magnesium and strontium, making the composition of the synthesized HA similar to that of the human skeleton. These trace elements exert considerable benefits for bone growth. Moreover, the use of eggshell as a raw material can permit the recycling of biowaste and a reduction in process costs. The purpose of this study is to prepare HA powder via the hydrothermal method and to explore the effects of hydrothermal conditions on the structure and properties of the synthesized HA. The room-temperature precipitation method is used for the control group. Furthermore, the results of an immersion test in simulated body fluid confirm that the as-prepared HA exhibits good apatite-forming bioactivity, which is an essential requirement for artificial materials to bond to living bones in the living body and promote bone regeneration. In particular, it is confirmed that the HA synthesized with the addition of the mulberry leaf extract exhibits good in vitro biocompatibility. The morphology, crystallite size, and composition of the carbonated nano-HA obtained herein are similar to those of natural bones. The carbonated nano-HA appears to be an excellent material for bioresorbable bone substitutes or drug delivery. Therefore, the nano-HA powder prepared in this study has great potential in biomedical applications.
羟基磷灰石（HA）是人体硬组织中无机矿物质的主要成分，已广泛用作骨科和牙科应用的生物医学陶瓷材料。由于人骨含有几种杂质，包括碳酸盐、氯化物、氟化物、镁和锶，因此人骨矿物质与化学计量的 HA 不同。此外，天然骨由纳米级 HA 组成，纳米级颗粒表现出很高的生物活性。在本文中，通过水热法制备 HA，因为其反应条件易于控制，并且已经证明对于大规模生产非常可行。因此，水热法是制备 HA 的一种有效且方便的方法。此外，蛋壳被用作钙源，并选择性地添加桑叶提取物来合成 HA。蛋壳占整个鸡蛋总重量的 11%，由碳酸钙、磷酸钙、碳酸镁和有机物组成。蛋壳含有多种微量元素，如镁和锶，使合成 HA 的成分与人骨骼相似。这些微量元素对骨骼生长有很大的好处。此外，使用蛋壳作为原料可以允许生物废物的回收和降低工艺成本。本研究的目的是通过水热法制备 HA 粉末，并探讨水热条件对合成 HA 的结构和性能的影响。使用室温沉淀法作为对照组。此外，在模拟体液中的浸泡试验结果证实，所制备的 HA 具有良好的磷灰石形成生物活性，这是人工材料与活体骨骼结合并促进骨再生的必要要求。特别是，证实了添加桑叶提取物合成的 HA 具有良好的体外生物相容性。本文获得的碳酸化纳米 HA 的形貌、晶粒尺寸和组成与天然骨骼相似。碳酸化纳米 HA 似乎是一种极好的可生物吸收骨替代物或药物输送材料。因此，本研究中制备的纳米 HA 粉末在生物医学应用中具有巨大的潜力。
