Channa Mahvish Jabeen, Ayub Huma, Ujan Javed Ahmed, Habib Syed Sikandar, Ullah Mujeeb, Attaullah Sobia, Khayyam Khayyam, Khan Khalid
Institute of Biochemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Sindh, Pakistan.
Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250, AJK, Pakistan.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2024 Apr;202(4):1741-1751. doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-03767-0. Epub 2023 Jul 15.
Fish meat is a major and rich source of white protein; its quality is determined by the fish feed. However, the low-quality feed may contribute to a source of contamination if it does not fulfill the standard protocol. Biofloc is considered one of the most efficient, successful aquacultures, but this system is still under investigation for its efficiency and safety. Thus, current study focused on the heavy metal contamination in biofloc fish fed on different commercial feeds and human health risk analysis. Samples of extensively used three feeds (Supreme™, Hitech™, and MH-Aqua™), tanks water, and biofloc fish (gills, liver muscle) were collected for heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, and Cr) analysis using atomic absorption spectrometry. An experiment was designed by dividing the fish into three groups: group 1 (Supreme™), group 2 (Hitech™), and group 3 (MH-Aqua™). A bioaccumulation factor and human health risk assessment have been calculated to measure fish and human health. Results revealed that most of the heavy metal concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in MH-Aqua™ feed compared to others. Similarly, heavy metal concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in the water of group 3, where fish was cultured on MH-Aqua™ feed. However, in the fish gills, liver, and muscle, the heavy metal concentration was significantly greater in group 3 fed on MH-Aqua™ feed, followed by group 1. Heavy metals in all feeds were positively correlated to the heavy metal concentration of the fish muscles. The bioaccumulation factor for Cu and Pb was higher in the fish liver, Cd and Cr in the case of fish gills, and least in the fish muscle. EDI and THQ values vary in all the groups, while the HI value was found lower than 1 in group 1 and group 2 but higher in group 3 fed on MH-Aqua™ feed. Strict checks and balances in formulating a diet will be helpful to progressively lower the amount of dangerous heavy metals.
鱼肉是白色蛋白质的主要丰富来源；其质量由鱼饲料决定。然而，如果劣质饲料不符合标准协议，可能会成为污染源。生物絮团被认为是最有效、最成功的水产养殖方式之一，但该系统的效率和安全性仍在研究中。因此，当前的研究聚焦于以不同商业饲料喂养的生物絮团鱼中的重金属污染以及人类健康风险分析。收集了广泛使用的三种饲料（Supreme™、Hitech™和MH - Aqua™）、养殖池水体以及生物絮团鱼（鳃、肝脏、肌肉）的样本，使用原子吸收光谱法分析重金属（铜、镉、铅和铬）。实验设计将鱼分为三组：第1组（Supreme™）、第2组（Hitech™）和第3组（MH - Aqua™）。计算了生物累积因子和人类健康风险评估以衡量鱼类和人类健康。结果显示，与其他饲料相比，MH - Aqua™饲料中的大多数重金属浓度更高（P < 0.05）。同样，在以MH - Aqua™饲料养殖鱼类的第3组水体中，重金属浓度更高（P < 0.05）。然而，在鱼的鳃部、肝脏和肌肉中，以MH - Aqua™饲料喂养的第3组重金属浓度显著更高，其次是第1组。所有饲料中的重金属与鱼肌肉中的重金属浓度呈正相关。铜和铅在鱼肝中的生物累积因子较高，镉和铬在鱼鳃中的生物累积因子较高，而在鱼肌肉中的生物累积因子最低。所有组的EDI和THQ值各不相同，而第1组和第2组的HI值低于1，以MH - Aqua™饲料喂养的第3组的HI值则更高。在制定饲料时进行严格的检查和平衡将有助于逐步降低危险重金属的含量。
