Jang Changwon, Oh Soowhan, Lee Hyerin, Lee Junho, Song Inmok, Park Yerin, Lee Eunji, Joung Yoo-Sook
Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Department of Psychiatry, Changwon Samsung Hospital, Changwon-si, Gyengsangnam-do, Republic of Korea.
Front Psychiatry. 2023 Jul 12;14:1190713. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1190713. eCollection 2023.
The objective of this study was to compare quantitative electroencephalography (Q-EEG) characteristics of children with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), taking into account the presence of a comorbidity for anxiety disorder. It also sought to investigate the impact of comorbid anxiety on the Q-EEG heterogeneity of children with ADHD.
A total of 141 children with ADHD but without comorbid anxiety (ADHD-Only), 25 children with a comorbidity for anxiety disorder (ADHD-ANX) and 43 children in the control group were assessed. To compare Q-EEG characteristics between groups, we performed ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) on relative power and theta/beta ratio (TBR) controlling for covariates such as age, sex, and FSIQ. Relative power values from 19 electrodes were averaged for three regions (frontal, central and posterior). Furthermore, cluster analysis (Ward's method) using the squared Euclidian distance was conducted on participants with ADHD to explore the impact of anxiety on the heterogeneity of Q-EEG characteristics in ADHD.
There were no significant group differences in cognitive and behavioral measures. However, significant differences between groups were observed in the theta values in the central region, and the beta values in the frontal, central and posterior regions. In analyses, It was found that the ADHD-ANX group has significantly higher beta power values than the ADHD-Only group in all regions. For the theta/beta ratio, the ADHD-Only group had significantly higher values than the ADHD-ANX group in frontal, central and posterior regions. However, the control group did not show significant differences compared to both the ADHD-Only and ADHD-ANX group. Through clustering analysis, the participants in the ADHD-Only and ADHD-ANX groups were classified into four clusters. The ratios of children with comorbidities for anxiety disorder within each cluster were significantly different ( = 10.018, = 0.019).
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder children with comorbid anxiety disorder showed lower theta power in the central region, higher beta power in all regions and lower TBR in all regions compared to those without comorbid anxiety disorder. The ratios of children with comorbidities for anxiety disorder within each cluster were significantly different.
本研究的目的是比较注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）儿童的定量脑电图（Q-EEG）特征，并考虑是否合并焦虑症。研究还旨在调查共病焦虑对ADHD儿童Q-EEG异质性的影响。
共评估了141名患有ADHD但无共病焦虑的儿童（仅ADHD组）、25名患有焦虑症共病的儿童（ADHD-ANX组）和43名对照组儿童。为比较各组间的Q-EEG特征，我们对相对功率和θ/β比值（TBR）进行协方差分析（ANCOVA），控制年龄、性别和全量表智商（FSIQ）等协变量。将19个电极的相对功率值在三个区域（额叶、中央和后部）进行平均。此外，对ADHD参与者采用平方欧几里得距离的聚类分析（沃德法），以探讨焦虑对ADHD儿童Q-EEG特征异质性的影响。
认知和行为测量方面各组间无显著差异。然而，在中央区域的θ值以及额叶、中央和后部区域的β值上观察到组间存在显著差异。在分析中发现，ADHD-ANX组在所有区域的β功率值均显著高于仅ADHD组。对于θ/β比值，仅ADHD组在额叶、中央和后部区域的值显著高于ADHD-ANX组。然而，对照组与仅ADHD组和ADHD-ANX组相比均未显示出显著差异。通过聚类分析，仅ADHD组和ADHD-ANX组的参与者被分为四个聚类。各聚类中患有焦虑症共病儿童的比例存在显著差异（F = 10.018，P = 0.019）。
与无共病焦虑症的注意缺陷多动障碍儿童相比，合并焦虑症的注意缺陷多动障碍儿童在中央区域的θ功率较低，在所有区域的β功率较高，且在所有区域的TBR较低。各聚类中患有焦虑症共病儿童的比例存在显著差异。
