Braojos Cheyenne, Gila-Díaz Andrea, Rodríguez-Rodríguez Pilar, Monedero-Cobeta Ignacio, Morales María Dolores, Ruvira Santiago, Ramiro-Cortijo David, Benítez Vanesa, Martín-Cabrejas María A, Arribas Silvia M
Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM-CSIC), C/Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM-CSIC), Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
Foods. 2023 Jul 14;12(14):2708. doi: 10.3390/foods12142708.
Coffee and cocoa manufacturing produces large amounts of waste. Generated by-products contain bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, suitable for treating metabolic syndrome (MetS). We aimed to compare the efficacy of aqueous extracts and flours from coffee pulp (CfPulp-E, CfPulp-F) and cocoa shell (CcShell-E, CcShell-F) to ameliorate MetS alterations induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Bioactive component content was assessed by HPLC/MS. C57BL/6 female mice were fed for 6 weeks with HFD followed by 6 weeks with HFD plus supplementation with one of the ingredients (500 mg/kg/day, 5 days/week), and compared to non-supplemented HFD and Control group fed with regular chow. Body weight, adipocyte size and browning (Mitotracker, confocal microscopy), plasma glycemia (basal, glucose tolerance test-area under the curve, GTT-AUC), lipid profile, and leptin were compared between groups. Cocoa shell ingredients had mainly caffeine, theobromine, protocatechuic acid, and flavan-3-ols. Coffee pulp showed a high content in caffeine, protocatechuic, and chlorogenic acids. Compared to Control mice, HFD group showed alterations in all parameters. Compared to HFD, CcShell-F significantly reduced adipocyte size, increased browning and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and normalized basal glycemia, while CcShell-E only increased HDL. Both coffee pulp ingredients normalized adipocyte size, basal glycemia, and GTT-AUC. Additionally, CfPulp-E improved hyperleptinemia, reduced triglycerides, and slowed weight gain, and CfPulp-F increased HDL. In conclusion, coffee pulp ingredients showed a better efficacy against MetS, likely due to the synergic effect of caffeine, protocatechuic, and chlorogenic acids. Since coffee pulp is already approved as a food ingredient, this by-product could be used in humans to treat obesity-related MetS alterations.
咖啡和可可制造会产生大量废弃物。所产生的副产品含有具有抗氧化和抗炎特性的生物活性化合物，适用于治疗代谢综合征（MetS）。我们旨在比较咖啡果肉（CfPulp-E、CfPulp-F）和可可壳（CcShell-E、CcShell-F）的水提取物和面粉改善高脂饮食（HFD）诱导的MetS改变的功效。通过高效液相色谱/质谱法评估生物活性成分含量。将C57BL/6雌性小鼠用HFD喂养6周，然后用HFD加一种成分（500毫克/千克/天，每周5天）补充喂养6周，并与未补充的HFD组和喂食常规饲料的对照组进行比较。比较各组之间的体重、脂肪细胞大小和褐变（线粒体追踪染料、共聚焦显微镜）、血浆血糖（基础、葡萄糖耐量试验-曲线下面积，GTT-AUC）、血脂谱和瘦素。可可壳成分主要含有咖啡因、可可碱、原儿茶酸和黄烷-3-醇。咖啡果肉显示出高含量的咖啡因、原儿茶酸和绿原酸。与对照小鼠相比，HFD组在所有参数上均出现改变。与HFD相比，CcShell-F显著减小脂肪细胞大小、增加褐变和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL），并使基础血糖正常化，而CcShell-E仅增加HDL。两种咖啡果肉成分均使脂肪细胞大小、基础血糖和GTT-AUC正常化。此外，CfPulp-E改善了高瘦素血症、降低了甘油三酯并减缓了体重增加，CfPulp-F增加了HDL。总之，咖啡果肉成分对MetS显示出更好的功效，这可能归因于咖啡因、原儿茶酸和绿原酸的协同作用。由于咖啡果肉已被批准作为食品成分，这种副产品可用于人类治疗与肥胖相关的MetS改变。
